Tumor cell colonies

Royal jelly (300 or 600 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of tumor cell colonies that metastasized to the liver compared with the number in control mice Fig. (2) . 

LLC-bearing mice had tumor metastasis to the liver, with about 50 tumors colonies per mouse Fig. (6) . Tuna triacylglycerols (1000 or 2000 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of tumor cell colonies that metastasized to the liver compared with the number in intrasplenic untreated LLC-bearing mice. The growth of metastatic tumors in the livers of LLC-bearing mice was also inhibited by orally administered tuna triacylglycerols (1000 or 2000 mg/kg) Fig. (6) . 

Figure 4. A schematic of tumor cells (or small colonies of tumor cells) with extracellular fluid from the interstitium trapped between them. The electrochemical double layer is indicated for each negatively charged tumor cell with positive ions (in extra-cellular fluid) poised against the negative charge.25...

Moved] Cranberry fruit of Early Black cultivar was fractionated chromatographically and fractions were analyzed for flavonoid content. The effects of the flavonoid fractions and ursolic acid, an abundant triterpenoid in cranberry peel, were assessed in two models of colon cancer and one model of breast cancer. Clonogenic soft agar assays were used to determine the effect of these compounds on tumor colony formation in HCT-116, HT-29 and MCF-7 cells. MTT and trypan blue assays were performed to assess their ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. TUNEL assays were performed to assess apop-totic response to the cranberry compounds. The proanthocyanidins inhibited tumor colony formation in HCT-116 and HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with greater effect on the HCT-116 cell line. Ursolic acid strongly inhibited tumor colony formation in both colon cell lines. These compounds also decreased proliferation in all three tumor cell lines with the HCT-116 cell line most strongly affected. (150 words)... 

Liberty, A. M. Hart, P. E. Neto, G. G. Ursolic Acid and Proanthocyanidins from Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Inhibit Colony Formation and Proliferation in HCT-116 and HT-29 Colon and MCF-7 Breast Tumor Cells. Proceedings of the 233rd American Chemical Society National Meeting, Chicago, IL, March 25-29, 2007. 

It has been suggested that the ability of tumor cells to form colonies in vitro following exposure to antitumor agents may be the best method by which to evaluate an anticancer compounds s activity [194]. Prior to the 1970s, such assays were primarily limited to cultures of patient tumor tissue however, culture techniques now allow tumor cell lines to be used for such studies. 

Hogge, G.S., Burkholder, J., Culp, J., Dubielzig, R.R., Albertini, M.R., Keller, E.T. et al. (1998) Development of human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor transfected tumor cell vaccines for the treatment of spontaneous canine cancer. Hum. Gene Ther., 9, 1851-1861. 

Mahvi, D.M., Burkholder, J.K., Turner, J., Culp, J., Malter, J.S., Sondel, P.M. and Yang, N.S. (1996) Particle-mediated gene transfer of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor cDNA to tumor cells—implications for a clinically relevant tumor vaccine. Hum. Gene Ther., 7, 1535-1543. 

The number of tumor cells injected affects lung colony formation, as does cellular viability, the tumor embolus size and composition. The number of experimental metastases is proportional to the number ofviable emboli injected into the circulation (11, 12). However, the number of experimental metastases is also dependant on the size of tumor emboli (number of tumor cells per clump). Therefore, viability and clump (embolus) size influence the outcome of experimental metastasis assays (13). 

Trypsinization in excess of 1 min has been reported to decrease lung colony formation and should therefore be avoided (13). In other studies it has been shown that comparing the incidence of metastasis from the injection of one predetermined dose of tumor cells does not allow an analysis of their relative metastatic capacities. Reproducible and meaningful results require studies that introduce increasing numbers of viable tumor cells admixed with a constant number ofnon-tumorigenic (X-irradiated) carrier cells (15) (see Note 4). 

Number of drug resistant colonies formed following culture of cells obtained from collagenase-dissociated organs with metastatic foci composed of tumor cells transfected with a selective vector. 

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