Trivial names, for compounds

Giving the vinyl group a name allows chemists to use simple trivial names for compounds like vinyl chloride, the material that polymerizes to give PVC (poly vinyl chloride) but the importance of the name lies more in the difference in reactivity (Chapter 17) between vinyl and allyl groups. 

The system was first named by Fischer 0899CB435) but the correct ring structure was proposed much earlier <1875LA( 175)243) in a formula for uric acid. In the general literature purine nomenclature has been to a large extent affected by the abundance of trivial names for compounds which were isolated before their structures were known and by variation in description of tautomeric forms. 

In 1981, the lUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature proposed that there be a set of trivial names for the important vitamin D compounds, including calciol [67-97-0] for vitaminD, calcidiol [19356-17-3] ion 25-hydroxy-vitaminD, and calcitriol [32222-06-3] ion 1 a,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D. This nomenclature has met with varying degrees of acceptance, as has the proposal to use calcine [69662-75-5] (deoxy-vitamin D2) and ercalcine [68323-40-0] (deoxy-vitamin D ) to name the triene hydrocarbon stmcture for 9,10-j (9-cholesta-5,7,10(19)-ttiene and... 

Garbapenem P-Lactamase Inhibitors. Carbapenems are another class of natural product P-lactamase inhibitors discovered about the same time as clavulanic acid. Over forty naturally occurring carbapenems have been identified many are potent P-lactamase inhibitors. Garbapenem is the trivial name for the l-a2abicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene ring system (21) shown in Table 3. The synthesis (74), biosynthesis (75), and P-lactamase inhibitory properties (13,14,66) of carbapenems have been reviewed. Carbapenems are often more potent than clavulanic acid and include type I Cephases in the spectmm of inhibition. Table 3 Hsts the available P-lactamase inhibition data. Synergy is frequendy difficult to demonstrate because the compounds are often potent antibacterials. 

Penem B-Lactamase Inhibitors. The synthesis and antibacterial properties of penems, the trivial name for the 4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene ring system (24), have been reviewed (107,108). Like the closely related carbapenems, many of the penems are potent antibacterials. Additionally, penems are also susceptible to degradation by renal dipeptidase, but to a lesser extent. The limited -lactamase inhibitory data available for penems are presented in Table 4. SCH-29,482 [77646-83-4] (24, R = H, R = CH(OH)CH2, R = SCH2H ), C2qH23NO S2, is reported to be an inhibitor of type I Cephases and the OXA-2 enzyme (109). Compounds [101803-54-7] and [101914-68-5] (24, R = H, R = CH2CH(OH),... 

Completely trivial names continue in use for good reasons, of which an important one is the need for a simple name for frequent communication concerning a commonly encountered compound or structure. For obscure compounds there is surely neither need nor desirability to perpetuate trivial names, and coining new trivial names is almost never justified. Let us, however, consider purine , the trivial name for what might more systematically be named imidazo[5,4-ring system is so important in biochemistry that exclusive use of one of the systematic names would be intolerable. If the name purine were not available, another short trivial name would inevitably be coined, or even an acronym ( IP or TAP ). It is better to retain the name sanctioned by roughly a century of use, and benefit from a link in comprehension with the past. 

Chemical Designation - A list of common synonyms is given. Synonym names are alternative systematic chemical names and commonly used trivial names for chemicals. An index of synonyms is provided at the end of the handbook to assist the reader in identifying a particular chemical and researching chemical hazards information in the event that the common name of the chemical is not known. The data field also contains the chemical formula. The chemical formula is limited to a commonly used one-line formula. In the case of some organic chemical compounds it has not been possible to represent the chemical structure within such limitation. 

Terpene chemists use trivial names for most of the compounds because the systematic names are much more complex. Common or trivial names, CAS Registry Numbers, and properties of selected terpenes and terpenoids are listed in Tables 2 and 3. Compounds that exhibit chirality also have other Registry Numbers for specific optical isomers. For commercial products, a material safety data sheet (MSDS), which is required by OSHA, frequendy lists multiple names such as a product name, trivial name, IUPAC name and the TSCA name. The MSDS is a good source of information about physical properties, potential health hazards, and other useful information for the safe handling of the materials. When the product is a mixture, the components and their amounts are usually listed along with their Registry Numbers. 

This column gives the name and, below it, the Wiswesser Line Notation (WIN) designation of each compound included. Some of the names are the simplest and shortest trivial names for the compounds they denote others follow Chemical Abstracts nomenclature. The WLN designation is given only once for each compound when an entry continues onto the following pair of pages the name of the compound is repeated but the WIN designation is not. 

The nomenclature of peri-naphthalene heterocycles does not follow a common principle. In many original papers, the names of heterocyclic systems are derived from the corresponding peri-annelated hydrocarbon derivatives (1,2-diazaacenaphthylene, 1-oxaphenalene, etc.), from monoheterocycles with an indication of linked positions (naphtho[l,8-6c]furan, naphtho[l,8-de]azepine, etc.), and from benzoannelated heterocycles (benzo[o/]indole, benzo[heterocyclic systems and some compounds have trivial names, for instance, perimidine, naph-thostyryl, and naphtholactone. Moreover, it is necessary to remember some peculiarities in the electronic structure of peri-annelated heterocycles, namely the absence of independent existance of the 7r-closed-loop monoheterocycles which could be a fragment of peri-annelated heterocyclic systems. Therefore, the separation of a heterocycle from the united 7r-system is impossible. In this case, the simplest structure and the tt-electron unit is the whole peri-heterocyclic nucleus. 

In addition, a trivial name, menthane, for the parent compound of Type A mono-cyclics is well established but none is established for the parent compound of Type B monocyclics. Coining a new trivial name for this latter parent compound may not be the soundest approach to systematizing the nomenclature. Therefore, recommendations for naming the Type A and Type B monocyclic terpene hydrocarbons will be discussed separately. 

Al. Anonymous, Nomenclature policy Generic descriptors and trivial names for vitamins and related compounds. /. Nutr. 106, 8-14 (1976). 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) has developed systematic nomenclature rules for polymers. As is the case with many small-molecule organic compounds, the IUPAC names are often complex and cumbersome. Therefore, polymer scientists often use common or abbreviated names, sometimes even product names. Poly[l- methoxycarbonyl)-l-methylethylene] (IUPAC) is almost always referred to as poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, or even Lucite. IUPAC discourages the use of trademarked names, however unless it is importanfto refer to a specific commercial product. The IUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission recognizes a number of trivial names for common polymers (Metanomski 1999). 

There isn t space here to explain all the rules for giving systematic names for compounds—they fill several desperately dull volumes, and there s no point knowing them anyway since computers will do the naming for you. What we will do is to explain the principles underlying systematic nomenclature. You should understand these principles, because they provide the basis for the names used by chemists for the vast majority of compounds that do not have their own trivial names. 

A very flexible way of getting new, simple names for compounds can be to combine a bit of systematic nomenclature with trivial nomenclature. 

They mined this ionic compound near the ancient Egyptian temple of Ammon in Libya. The name sal ammoniac literally means salt of Ammon. Figure 3.43 shows other examples of common (trivial) names for familiar compounds. 

A significant fraction, however, of the documents in the scientific literature dealing with chemical entities and their biological effects are not composed of trivial names for the compounds under investigation. For the automated analysis of the chemical named entities in these publications, we need to use other methods. In principle, it should be possible to use rule-based approaches to identify IUPAC names (and other forms of IUPAC-like expressions), in particular, because the IUPAC name construction itself is based on rules. However, IUPAC names are neither unambiguous, nor can they easily be checked automatically for compliance with IUPAC nomenclature rules. In fact, most IUPAC-like expressions in patent literature seem to be not compliant with the IUPAC nomenclature, and cannot easily be converted into structures.40... 

These molecules (10-XXXV) are known for all four elements. Older trivial names for these are phosphabenzene, arsabenzene, etc., but the current literature60 favors the names phosphinine, arsinine, stibinine, and bismuthinine. The bismuth compound, C5H5Sb, is extremely unstable and polymerizes at room temperature. Phosphinine and arsinine are thermally stable (distillable) and can be prepared by the reactions ... 

A few trivial names for 1,2,4-triazoles are in common use 3,5-dioxo-l,2,4-triazolidines (5) are called urazoles, and the corresponding 3,5-diamino compounds (6) guanazoles. 

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