Triton compounds

It is not clear how generally useful the technique of adding test chemicals to intact plants may be. First, the chemicals to be added must be soluble in relatively polar (ideally, aqueous) solvents. Surfactants (i.e.. Tween or Triton compounds) may be needed on leaf surfaces are very waxy or otherwise hydrophobic. Nonpolar solvents rapidly dissolve the protective waxes off of the leaf surface and quickly lead to desiccation of the leaf. Second, the use of known nonhost plants raises the potential problem of overriding differences between hosts and nonhosts that cannot be overcome by an stimulant. Such differences may involve leaf shape, color, or physical and chemical characteristics of the leaf surface. Thus, care needs to be taken to demonstrate the attractiveness of nonhosts after treatment with known stimulants before results using potential stimulants can be evaluated. 

Funk et al. have used a low-pressure mercury lamp without filter to liberate inorganic tin ions from thin-layer chromatographically separated organotin compounds these were then reacted with 3-hydroxyflavone to yield blue fluorescent chromatogram zones on a yellow fluorescent background [22]. Quantitative analysis was also possible here (XoK = 405 nm, Xji = 436 nm, monochromatic filter). After treatment of the chromatogram with Triton X-100 (fluorescence amplification by a factor of 5) the detection limits for various organotin compoimds were between 200 and 500 pg (calculated as tin). 

The interaction of such compounds with the bilayer can result in alteration in vesicle properties such as permeability and stability of the bilayer structure. Amphiphatic compounds such as detergents (e.g., Triton and lysophosphoiipids) can intercalate in the bilayer below their critical micelle concentration (CMC) (Kitagawa et al.,... 

The adsorption isotherms for each chemical, Triton X-100 or phenanthrene, on the activated carbons were shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The adsorption isotherms are expressed as qg [g g ], the amount of compounds adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent, as a fimction of Q [g l ], the concentration in solution at equilibrium [5, 6]. The best-fit parameters for Freimdlich isotherms (g = or linear isotherms (q - Kj C ) were summarized in Table 2. The... 

To check if PemB is surface exposed, E. chrysanthemi cells were subjected to proteolysis. Treatment of the cell suspension with trypsin, proteinase K or chimotrypsin at a concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml for 1 h did not cause PemB proteolysis or its liberation into the medium. Cell pre-treatment with EDTA-lysozyme, which renders the periplasmic proteins accessible to proteases, gave no effect. PemB was also resistant to proteolytic digestion in extract of cells disrupted by sonication or in a French press. Only addition of Triton X-100 (up to 0.1%) causing formation of the micelles with PemB lead to a quick proteolyis of this protein (data not shown). In another approach to analyse the PemB exposition, bacterial cells were labelled with sulfo-NHS-biotin. This compound is unable to cross membranes and biotinylation... 

Yang et al. [389] rapidly distinguished compounds extracted from paper, using on-line SFE-SFC-FHR in conjunction with principal component analysis. The quantitative determination of the surfactant mixture Triton X-100 and other complex oligoether surfactants by means of cSFC-FTIR flow-cells has been reported [390,391]. Practical applications of SFC-FTIR include the determination of nonvolatile compounds from microwave-susceptible packaging that may migrate into heated food. Another application is the analysis of fibre finishes on fibre/textile matrices. 

Apoptosis assay. ECRF24 or A2780 cells were seeded on 6-well plates (2 X 105 cells/ well) and grown 24 hours in complete medium before treatment. Compounds 1-3 were freshly dissolved in DMSO, diluted in complete medium and added to the cells at the final concentrations indicated in Table 2. After incubation for 72 h apoptosis was measured by flow cytometric determination of subdiploid cells after DNA extraction and subsequent staining with propidium iodide (PI) as described previously10. Briefly, cells were harvested and subsequently fixed in 70% ethanol at —20°C. After 2 h the cells were re-suspended in DNA extraction buffer (45 mM Na2HP04, 2.5 mM citric acid, and 1% Triton X-100, pH 7.4) for 20 min at 37°C. PI was added to a final concentration of 20 pg/mL and log scale red fluorescence was analyzed on a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences, NJ, U.S.). 

The next day (48 h posttransfection), the medium is replaced with fresh DMEM containing different concentrations of compound (nM—fiM concentration range). After 12 h of incubation, the cells are washed with PBS, 40 1 of luciferase lysis buffer [100 mM KxP04 (pH 7.8), 0.2% Triton X-100] is added to each well, and the plate is incubated for 15 min at room temperature with gentle rocking. The cell extract is transferred into Eppendorf tubes and kept on ice. 

Crisp et al. [212] has described a method for the determination of non-ionic detergent concentrations between 0.05 and 2 mg/1 in fresh, estuarine, and seawater based on solvent extraction of the detergent-potassium tetrathiocyana-tozincate (II) complex followed by determination of extracted zinc by atomic AAS. A method is described for the determination of non-ionic surfactants in the concentration range 0.05-2 mg/1. Surfactant molecules are extracted into 1,2-dichlorobenzene as a neutral adduct with potassium tetrathiocyanatozin-cate (II), and the determination is completed by AAS. With a 150 ml water sample the limit of detection is 0.03 mg/1 (as Triton X-100). The method is relatively free from interference by anionic surfactants the presence of up to 5 mg/1 of anionic surfactant introduces an error of no more than 0.07 mg/1 (as Triton X-100) in the apparent non-ionic surfactant concentration. The performance of this method in the presence of anionic surfactants is of special importance, since most natural samples which contain non-ionic surfactants also contain anionic surfactants. Soaps, such as sodium stearate, do not interfere with the recovery of Triton X-100 (1 mg/1) when present at the same concentration (i.e., mg/1). Cationic surfactants, however, form extractable nonassociation compounds with the tetrathiocyanatozincate ion and interfere with the method. 

Polyphenol oxidase occurs within certain mammalian tissues as well as both lower (46,47) and higher (48-55) plants. In mammalian systems, the enzyme as tyrosinase (56) plays a significant role in melanin synthesis. The PPO complex of higher plants consists of a cresolase, a cate-cholase and a laccase. These copper metalloproteins catalyze the one and two electron oxidations of phenols to quinones at the expense of 02. Polyphenol oxidase also occurs in certain fungi where it is involved in the metabolism of certain tree-synthesized phenolic compounds that have been implicated in disease resistance, wound healing, and anti-nutrative modification of plant proteins to discourage herbivory (53,55). This protocol presents the Triton X-114-mediated solubilization of Vida faba chloroplast polyphenol oxidase as performed by Hutcheson and Buchanan (57). 

Common surfactants such as Tween, Triton,5 and sodium dihexyl sulfosuc-cinate, among many others, have been used to extract organic compounds from soil. In the field, they have been particularly useful in the remediation of soils contaminated with halogenated organic compounds, oils, and other hydrocarbon compounds [24],... 

NPEOs and OPEOs (rcEo = 3-10) as industrial blends or standard compound (Triton X-100), respectively, were separated together with linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) on a Ci-RP column [10]. The intensive ions that could be observed in the spectra were mono-, di- and tri-sodium adduct ions [M + Na]+ (m/z 581), [M + 2Na]+ (m/z 604) and [M + 3Na]+ (m/z 626) of the EO7 homologue. The intensity of the molecular [M + H]+-ion, however, was small compared with the sodium adduct ions. The compounds had been concentrated prior to separation on Cis and SAX SPE cartridges. Samples from river water were handled in the same way. 

The commercially available nonylphenol diethoxysulfonate NP(EO)2-S03 (Triton X-200, formula C9H19-C6H4-0-(CH2-CH2-0)2-CH2-SO3, and shown with its structural formula in Fig. 2.11.15(11) (m = 2) was studied using API-FIA-MS. Negative APCI-mode spectra contained the signal of one compound that could be ionised in the form of a [M - H] ion at mlz 401. Positive ionisation of NP(EO)2-S03 resulted in a [M + NH4]+ ion at mlz 420 besides impurities with ions at mlz 356... 

Triton X-200 is known to be hardly biologically degradable. To confirm this behaviour, the compound characterised as NPE0-CH2-S03 containing two EO units in the ethoxy chain (NP(E0)2-S03) was submitted to a LC separation. RT comparison in APCI-LC-MS(+/-) experiments and APCI-FIA-MS-MS in the product ion mode were examined (Fig. 2.11.20(a)) in positive and negative modes [15]. In the positive CID spectrum of NP(E0)2-S03, the parent ion 420 disappeared and the product ion m/z 291 (cf. inset in Fig. 2.11.20(a)) known as the characteristic NPEO product ion was observed as base peak [22]. Application of CID furthermore led to alkyl fragments (m/z 57, 71, and 113) and ions at m/z 165 and 121 resulting from the abstraction of the alkyl chain of ion 291 or from the abstraction of the alkyl chain and one... 

The base-catalysed addition of thiols to Jt-electron-deficient alkenes is an important aspect of synthetic organic chemistry. Particular use of Triton-B, in place of inorganic bases, has been made in the reaction of both aryl and alkyl thiols with 1-acyloxy-l-cyanoethene, which behaves as a formyl anion equivalent in the reaction [1], Tetra-n-butylammonium and benzyltriethylammonium fluoride also catalyse the Michael-type addition of thiols to a,P-unsaturated carbonyl compounds [2], The reaction is usually conducted under homogeneous conditions in telrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, acetone, or acetonitrile, to produce the thioethers in almost quantitative yields (Table 4.22). Use has also been made of polymer-supported qua-... 

Brinded, K.A. Tiller, P.R. Lane, S.J. Triton X-100 As a Reference Compound for Ammonia High-Resolution CI-MS and as a Tuning and Calibration Compound for Thermospray. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1993, 7, 1059-1061. 

Penetration of the biomembrane is undoubtedly essential for most membrane activity. Araki and Rifkind (13) obtained esr spectra of stearic acid spin labelled erythrocyte membranes in the presence of diverse compounds including Triton XlOO, chlorpromazine and glutaraldehyde. The two surfactants chlorpromazine and Triton XlOO both increase the rate of haemolysis and are shown to increase membrane fluidity. Glutaraldehyde as expected decreases fluidity and decreases the rate of haemolysis. 

Triton SP-Series surfactants use both a hydrophobe and an ethoxylate chain hydrophile. The surfactants are characterized by nonionic surfactant features such as good detergency, surface activity, and wetting. When the pH of an aqueous solution that contains a Triton SP-Series surfactant is reduced, the bond between the surfactant hydrophobe and hydrophile is permanently destroyed, thus eliminating surfactancy. This product was launched commercially in December 1996 and is currently available. The surfactants cannot be used in highly acidic environments. Other compounds that might be found in the contaminated waste, snch as phosphate, may interfere with the oil/water separation after snrfactant deactivation. All information is from the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

Other sulfur-containing compounds Pardo et al. [115] have studied electrochemical oxidation of 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide on Hg electrodes in aqueous solutions. It has been found that anionic form of this compound was oxidized to yield a radical. At low concentration, oxidation was reversible and the radical was strongly adsorbed. At high concentrations, this process was accompanied by diffusive reversible oxidation. Reorientation of the adsorbed 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide molecules on Hg electrodes in the presence of Triton X-100 has been studied... 

---