1,1,1 -trichloroethane manufacture

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES not a natural product formed by the anaerobic biodegradation of trichloroethylene and by the hydrolysis of 1,1,1-trichloroethane manufacturer of polyvinylidene copolymers and methyl chloroform flexible films for food packing (Saran and Velon wraps) flame retardant coatings for fiber and carpet backing in pipes coating for steel pipes adhesive applications... 

CH2 CCl2- Colourless liquid, b.p. 32°C, manufactured by the dehydrochlorination of trichloroethane. In the presence of light and air, it decomposes with the evolution of HCI, phosgene, and methanal and deposition of some polyvinylidene chloride. Consequently it must be stored away from light and in the presence of dissolved inhibitors (such as phenols and amines). Under the influence of... 

Manufacture. Viayhdene chloride monomer can be conveniendy prepared ia the laboratory by the reaction of 1,1,2-trichloroethane [79-00-5] with aqueous alkah ... 

Ninety-six percent of the EDC produced in the United States is converted to vinyl chloride for the production of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) (1) (see Vinyl polymers). Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons (CECs). Methjiene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene have wide and varied use as solvents. Methyl chloride is used almost exclusively for the manufacture of silicone. Vinylidene chloride is chiefly used to produce poly (vinylidene chloride) copolymers used in household food wraps (see Vinylidene chloride and poly(vinylidene chloride). Chloroben2enes are important chemical intermediates with end use appHcations including disinfectants, thermoplastics, and room deodorants. 

Inhibited grades of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are used in hundreds of different industrial cleaning appHcations. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is preferred over trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene because of its lower toxicity. Additional advantages of 1,1,1-trichloroethane include optimum solvency, good evaporation rate, and no fire or flash point as determined by standard test methods. Common uses include cleaning of electrical equipment, motors, electronic components and instmments, missile hardware, paint masks, photographic film, printed ckcuit boards, and various metal and certain plastic components during manufacture (see Metal surface treatments). 

Trichloroethane and other chlorinated solvents are used for vapor degreasing (84—90). Other uses include cold metal cleaning, printed ckcuit board cleaning, and as a solvent for inks, coatings, adhesives, and aerosols. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is an excellent solvent for development of photoresist polymers used in printed ckcuit board manufacture (see Integrated circuits Photoconductivepolymers). 

The principal use of 1,1,2-trichloroethane is as a feedstock intermediate in the production of 1,1-dichloroethylene. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is also used where its high solvency for chlorinated mbbers, etc, is needed, as a solvent for pharmaceutical preparation, and in the manufacture of electronic components. 

There now exist alternatives or sufficient quantities of controlled substances for almost all applications of ozone-depleting solvents. Exceptions have been noted for certain laboratory and analytical uses and for manufacture of space shuttle rocket motors. HCFCs have not been adopted on a large scale as alternatives to CFC solvents. In the near term, however, they may be needed as the conventional substances in some limited and unique applications. HCFC-141b is not a good replacement for methyl chloroform (1,1,1 -trichloroethane) because its ODP is three times higher. Alternatives for specific uses of ozone-depleting solvents are briefly described below. 

In the manufacture of methyl ethyl ketone from butanol, the product is separated from unreacted butanol by distillation. The feed to the column consists of a mixture of methyl ethyl ketone, 2-butanol and trichloroethane. What would be a suitable phase equilibrium correlation to use in modelling this process ... 

In the manufacture of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). the product MEK is extracted from a solution in water using 1,1,2 trichloroethane as the solvent. 

Trichloroethane, 25 631—632 preparation of VDC from, 25 692 from vinyl chloride manufacture,... 

HCFC-141b is produced commercially by the hydrofluorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane or 1,1-dichloroethylene (ECETOC 1994). It is manufactured by three companies in the United States. In 1992, total world production was 15,000 tons production was expected to increase to 100,000 tons by 1994 and then be phased out by 2003 (ECETOC 1994). 

A population-based case-control study on brain cancer was carried out in some areas in the United States with petroleum refining and chemical manufacturing industries (i.e., activities suspected of being associated with brain cancer) and is described in detail in the monograph on dichloromethane (see this volume). Probability, intensity, duration and calendar time of life-long individual exposures to each of six chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, including 1,1,1-trichloroethane, were assessed through an ad-hoc job-exposure matrix. Whereas risk excesses of some consistency were associated with exposure to other chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane showed little indication of an association with brain cancer (Heineman et al., 1994). 

Trichloroethane may enter the atmosphere from its use in the manufacture of vinylidene chloride and its use as a solvent. It may also be discharged in wastewater associated with these uses and in leachates and volatile emissions from landfills. It has been detected at low levels in groundwater, drinking-water, wastewater, ambient water and ambient air (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

Trichloroethane is used in the manufacture of vinylidene chloride. It has been... 

The direct chlorination of ethane184-186 is used for the manufacture of two ethane derivatives, ethyl chloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Both compounds are important solvent and 1,1,1-trichloroethane is also used as a degreasing agent. 

The so-called integrated ethyl chloride process combines the abovementioned synthesis with an addition reaction. Hydrogen chloride formed in the thermal chlorination process is used in a separate step to add to ethylene, making the manufacture of ethyl chloride more economical. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is an exceptional product in free-radical chlorination of higher hydrocarbons since the same carbon... 

The most common commercial process for the manufacture of vinylidene chloride is the dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane with lime or caustic in slight excess (2 to 10%). A continuous liquid-phase reaction at 98 to 99°C gives a 90 percent yield of vinylidene. 

Although 1,1-dichloroethylene (vinylidene chloride) is a relatively small-volume product, it provides a way of upgrading the unwanted 1,1,2-trichloroethane by-product from the manufacture of EDC and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Its major use is as an intermediate for polyvinylidene chloride and its copolymers, which are important barrier materials for food packaging. 

Vinyl chloride 03 X X Production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) co-monomer with ethenyl ethanoate or 1,1 -dichloroethene raw material in the manufacture of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and monochloraldehyde... 

Direct chlorination of vinyl chloride generates 1,1,2-tnchloroethane [79-00-5] from which vinylidene chloride required for vinylidene polymers is produced. Hydrochlorination of vinylidene chloride produces 1,1,1-trichloroethane [71-55-6], which is a commercially important solvent. Trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene are manufactured by chlorination, hydrochlorination, or oxychlorination reactions involving ethylene. Aromatic solvents or pesticides such as monochlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene are produced by reaction of chlorine with benzene. Monochlorobenzene is an intermediate in the manufacture of phenol, insecticide DDT, aniline, and dyes (see Chlorocarbons a>td Chlorohydrocarbons.)... 

Dichloroethane is produced commercially through the reaction of hydrogen chloride and vinyl chloride at 20°-55°C in the presence of an aluminum, ferric, or zinc chloride catalyst (Grayson 1978). Other production methods include the direct chlorination of ethane, the reaction of PCI s with acetaldehyde as a by-product during the manufacture of chloral (Browning 1965), and as intermediate in the production of vinyl chloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane by photochlorination (Windholz 1983). 

Major companies producing 1,1-dichloroethane within the United States include PPG Industries, Inc., Continental Oil Company, and Vulcan Materials, all based in Louisiana, and Dow Chemical located in Texas. Each of these companies manufactures 1,1-dichloroethane primarily to be used as an intermediate in the manufacture of 1,1,1- trichloroethane. 

Vinyl chloride is produced in the following industrial reactions (1) the thermal cracking of 1,2-dichlor-oethane, which is produced by the chlorination and/ or oxychlorination of ethylene and (2) the hydrochlorination of acetylene. The vast majority of vinyl chloride is used for the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and the manufacture of copolymers with monomers such as vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride. A much smaller proportion of vinyl chloride is used in the production of chlorinated solvents - primarily trichloroethanes. 

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