Trends in use

This book was developed to provide a current perspective on agricultural use of antibiotics. Topics include some major uses of antibiotics, problems associated with their use from a regulatory standpoint, residues in food including methods of detection, risks to human health from use in feeds, trends in use, and overall risks and benefits. The scope, therefore, is much broader than in several other recent symposia that have focused mainly on the controversy regarding the use of antibiotics as feed additives. Many of the topics included in the present volume have not been discussed under one cover before. 

Production levels are likely to remain stable with Colombia retaining its share of overall production. Developments in Bolivia will continue to influence the market. In the absence of increased prevention efforts, the current upward trend in use in Europe could continue. 

Ecklund, E.E., Options for and Recent Trends in Use of Alternative Transportation Fuels, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements Ad Hoc Expert-Group Meeting in Human Settlements, 1986. 

Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Eisenberg DM. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults 1997-2002. Altem Ther Health Med. 2005 11 42-49. 

The above calculations estimate that for a typical adult in a developed country, daily uptake of lead from air, diet, and drinking water is, respectively 1.4 pg, 6 pg, and 1.1 pg. Exposure to lead from all of these sources has fallen rapidly over the past 20-30 years. Figure 12 contrasts the temporal trends in use of lead in petrol (gasoline) and blood leads in the general population of the UK over the period when much of this decline took place. It is interesting to note that from 1971 to 1985 use of lead in petrol was relatively steady, but blood leads declined by a factor of more than two over this period mainly as a response to reductions in dietary exposure, particularly associated with the cessation of use of... 

Analytical determination of organic acids is important for quality assurance purposes, as well as for consumer protection or even consumer interest. Limited chromatographic reports are available on the simultaneous determination of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and the parabens, especially in food items. However, there is an increasing trend in using combinations of preservatives in the food industry, as well as in pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetic products, and such a method may become an essential tool in organic acid analysis (Saad et al., 2005). 

Trends in use of other substances are more difficult to track because prevalence is lower. Well-documented developments, such as increased recent ecstasy use among groups of young people, become diluted in figures covering the whole population. In some countries, amphetamine, ecstasy and cocaine use increased moder-... 

The following sections briefly discuss some results and trends in using structure prediction for remote homology detection especially in the genomic context, to aid the structural genomics projects, to further whole genome annotation and to exploit the sequence-to-structure-to-function paradigm for functional predictions. 

Fig. 16.2 (a) Industrial uses of CI2 in Western Europe in 1994 [data Chemistry Industry (1995) p. 832]. (b) The trends in uses of bleaching agents in the pulp industry between 1990 and 2001 CIO2 has replaced CI2. Both elemental chlorine-free and totally chlorine-free agents comply with environmental legislations [data Alliance for Environmental Technology, 2001 International Survey]. 

The up-to-date trends in using colloidal-gold markers for bioanalytical studies are as follows (i) to minimize the analyte substance amount (antigens, oligonucleotides, lectins, etc.) and (ii) to enhance the sensitivity of analysis. For instance, a sensitivity up to 60-70 ng L" has been reported [104] for an assay based on a simple replacing of the nitrocellulose membranes by microarrays combined with a photometrical reader. 11 should be emphasized that the microarray assay utilizes microliter volumes both for analyte probes and for labeled markers. Besides, the photometrical reader, together with the accessory equipment, allows for 384 probes to be analyzed within a short time period. 

Stefanick ML. Estrogens and progestins background and history, trends in use, and guidelines and regimens approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Am J Med 2005 118 64S-73S. 

Current Trends In Using Carbon Pastes and Some Future Prospects... 

Describe the current trends in use for measuring safety performance in the workplace. 

Polymers, after their combination with fibres to form special composites produces some materials with enhanced properties, enabling them to be used as structural members and units, competing with metals. The use of polymeric fibres in concrete to replace steel frame (as composite rebars) has many advantages which has been in use for a long time with an ever increasing trend in use, if the material costs involved are decreased in the future, as expected. However, proper materials characterisation in addition to development of new standard test methods still appear to be the immediate needs to be fulfilled in the near future. 

Edlund MJ, Maitm BC, Devries A, Fan MY, Braden JB, Snllivan MD (2010) Trends in use of opioids for elirrarie noneaneer pain among individuals with mental health and substance use disorders the TROUP study. Clin J Pain 26(1) 1—8... 

N. Efron, and P.B. Morgan, Trends in use of silicone hydrogel contact lenses for daily wear. Contact Lens Anterior Eye, 31, 242-243,2008. 

D. Trends in Use of Mechanical Ventilation for Long-Term Ventilatory Failure... 

The most important factors influencing trends in use of engineering and high performance plastics in the automotive markets are discussed next. 

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