Treaties of the European Community

Some years ago, Directive 94/9/EC (the so-called ATEX 100a Directive ), dated 1994-03-23 (following the title in French Atmospheres explosibles. .. and referring to article 100a of the Treaties of the European Community), introduced categories of explosion protected apparatus to give a guideline for their installation with respect to the risks that may be expected in different locations exposed to combustible atmospheres (Table 2.3). 

One of the primary contents of the Treaties of the European Community (EC) is the elimination of trade barriers for technical equipment. These barriers have been based on different technical standards (and their legislation) in the member states of the EC. Referring to article 100 of the Treaties of the EC, some directives have been issued in order to harmonize the standardization for technical products (explosion protected electrical apparatus and systems, elevators). These directives describe precisely the technical requirements and list the relevant standards, in the field of explosion protection CENELEC Standards exclusively. Directive 82/130/EEC refers to mines endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dusts, and Directive 76/117/EEC covers areas hazardous due to potentially explosive atmospheres. The member states of the EC shall transform these directives into their national legislation within 18 months. 

Table 3.6 EU Directives referring to article 100 of the Treaties of the European Community, covering the harmonization of standards in the field of explosion protection...

Collaborative R D has been carried out since the inception of the European Community and the The Maastricht Treaty made R D one of the priority policies of the European Union... 

European Council (2008) Common Position (EC) No 3/2008 of 20 December 2007 adopted by the council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251 of the treaty establishing the European community, with a view to the adoption of a directive of the European Parliament and of the council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy and amending directives 82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/491/EEC, 86/280/EEC and 2000/60/EC. Official Journal of the European Communities, p 1-15... 

EUR-Lex 2003. Protocol on Protection and Welfare of Animals, . Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. 

Firmly established under Article 2 of the European Community (EC) Treaty, legislators should serve to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment and to protect human health. Most chemicals legislation aimed to protect human health and the environment has been introduced under the EC Treaty. It is therefore referred to EC rather than EU legislation. 

The most well-known legal principle in the field of chemicals policy is the Precautionary Principle it is so well-known that it hardly requires any further introduction here. It was introduced into EU environmental law through the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. The principle s value as a guide for decision making in different policy areas is often questioned, and some analyses of its impact on EU chemicals policy indicate that its influence is not that significant (Heyvaert, 2006), though it can be hard to determine exactly how influential the principle has been for important law cases from the Court of Justice of the European Communities. 

Commission of the European Communities, Th Development of Community Measures for the Application of Chapter III of the Euratom Treaty Health and Safety ,... 

The European Court is the supreme authority on Community law. Its function is to ensure that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the European Community Treaty 1957 (art. 220, formerly art. 164). The EC Treaty and the Single European Act 1986, are concerned with matters such as freedom of competition between Member States and aspects of social law, including health and safety at work. 

As a Member State of the European Community, the Government of Austria will implement the provisions of the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, in accordance with its obligations arising from the rules of the Treaties establishing the European Communities to the extent that such rules are applicable. ... 

If one goes back to the roots of the European Community, one discovers that two of the three Treaties deal, partly of completely, with energy. 

The EEC Treaty, which was signed in Rome on 25 March 1957, has at its core a Common Transport Policy (CTP) concept which is calcnlated to achieve the fundamental purposes of the European Community. One of the most salient features of the EEC Treaty is that the tasks of the Community are set out succinctly in Article 2 of the Treaty which provides inter alia for the adoption of a CTP as provided for in Article 3(1) of the Treaty. This provision is linked to Article 74 which in turn provides that the objectives of the Treaty in relatirai to issues of transportation would be pursued by State Parties within the parameters of the CTP, which is established by the Council of Europe through secondary legislation. 

The Council of the European Communities, by Council Regulation (EEC) No 95193 of 18 January 1993 on common rules for the allocation of slots at Community airports and acting on Article 84(2) of the Treaty of Rome, identifies slot-coordinated airports which are so designated if they suffer from slot-cmistraints. Member States have, under the Regulation, the discretion to designate any other airport as slot-coordinated . Craisequently, not all slot-coordinated airports in the EU actually suffer from slot-constraints. The Regulations require the member states to create the office of a natimial slot-coordinator that allocates slots and monitors the use of allocated slots. 

The Council of the European Economic Community, established under the 1957 Treaty of Rome, in 1973 issued a declaration on the environment (4), which the European Commission in Brussels has interpreted as giving it authority to issue directives on matters related to the emission of air pollutants, such as one limiting the sulfur content of fuel oil (5). 

The regulatory framework governing biological medicinal products is based on the European Community Treaty, which aims at the free movement of goods within the European Union. Although the legal base is built on the principle of free trade of medicinal products within the European Union, the essential aim of any rules governing the production, distribution, and use of medicinal products must be firmly based on protection of public health. Recital 3 of Directive 2001/83/EC notes that the objective of public health protection must be attained by means that do not hinder the development of the pharmaceutical industry or trade in medicinal products within the European Union. 

In Europe, of course, it was difficult to show such disregard for market laws. The views of the European Economic Community Commission in Brussels had to be taken into account, and they upheld the principle of free competition as set down in article 85 of the Rome Treaty. Moreover, in Western Europe there were a number of petrochemical industries that operated according to the rules of private capitalism while there were others, as in France, Italy, Austria, Norway, and Finland, that were state-controlled and more concerned about retaining market share than ensuring profitability. 

France is a founding member of the European Economic Community (EEC). In accordance with Article 30 of the Treaty of Rome, the EEC s objective is the free circulation of goods with certain exceptions such as for public health reasons (Article 36 of the same treaty). The legislation is primarily of Community origin and details scientific and technical requirements. 

With the Drug Law of 1961, Germany— for the first time in its history—introduced modern legislation regulating the medicines industry. This law was amended in 1976 to bring it into line with the guidelines issued by the Commission of the European Economic Community (EEC) requiring the adaptation of national laws to the Treaty of Rome for the creation of a common market. 

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