Maastricht, Treaty

Collaborative R D has been carried out since the inception of the European Community and the The Maastricht Treaty made R D one of the priority policies of the European Union... 

Maastricht Treaty (1992) Provisions Amending The Treaty Establishing The European Economic Community with a view to Establishing The European Community. Title II, Article 130r. Maastricht, 7 February 1992. 

The most well-known legal principle in the field of chemicals policy is the Precautionary Principle it is so well-known that it hardly requires any further introduction here. It was introduced into EU environmental law through the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. The principle s value as a guide for decision making in different policy areas is often questioned, and some analyses of its impact on EU chemicals policy indicate that its influence is not that significant (Heyvaert, 2006), though it can be hard to determine exactly how influential the principle has been for important law cases from the Court of Justice of the European Communities. 

In one form or another, the language of precaution has now been adopted in many international treaties and conventions, such as the North Sea Declaration (1987), The Ozone Layer Protocol (1987), the Ministerial Declaration of the Second World Climate Conference (1990), the Maastricht Treaty that created the European Union (1994), the United Nations Fisheries Convention (1995), The London Convention Protocol on ocean dumping (1996) and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000), among others. 

The 5th ECEP s goals were first, to follow through with the Community s commitments set in the Single European Act of 1986 to develop and implement effective environmental policy, and second, to fulfill the Maastricht Treaty s objective of promoting sustainable growth while respecting the environment. (EUROPA website)... 

Until recently neither the ECl nor the Commission had the power to enforce the compliance with the judgement of the ECl. However, since the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty, a new Article 171 has heen introduced in the EC Treaty, stating that ... 

This is the basis of the polluter pays principle , which was incorporated into the Maastricht Treaty and states that those who are responsible for environmental pollution, resource depletion, and social cost should pay the fuU cost of their activities. 

Within Europe, The Maastricht Treaty introduced as a principle objective, the promotion of sustainable growth with respect to the environment The word "sustainable", as used here is intended "to reflect a policy and strategy for continued economic and social development without detriment to the environment and the natural resources on the quality of which continued human activity and further development depend". The treaty specifies that this policy "must aim at a high level of protection and that environmental protection requirements must be integrated into the definition and implementation of other community policies". 

In Europe, the European Community (EC) was formed by the union of three organizations the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), established in 1951 the European Economic Community (EEC), established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), established in 1957. In 1967, with the Merger Treaty, these organizations merged to form the EC. After the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, the EC became the European Union (EU) which consists of the European Commission, the European Council, the European Parliament, and the European Court of Justice. ... 

The Maastricht Treaty states that those who are responsible for environmental pollution, resource depletion, and social cost should pay the full cost of their activities. If these costs are ultimately passed on to the consumer, then there is an incentive to reduce the levels of environmental damage and resource depletion. For example, discharge of industrial waste from a manufacturing operation into a water course results in a downstream user s incurring extra costs to treat and purify it. Unless there is government... 

The European Union was formed with the signature of the Maastricht Treaty, which formalized cooperation in foreign policy. 

The Treaty of European Union 1991 (the Maastricht Treaty) re-emphasised these Community aims and added further goals of economic and monetary uixion, and these are developed in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 (ToA). The Treaty of Amsterdam consolidates the administration of the Commuixities and institutions of the Union and provides for the coherent renumbering of Treaty Articles. The ToA is also concerned with developing the concept of European citizenship, common strategies for employment and the co-ordination of national policies consolidation of enviroixmental... 

Originally known as the European Economic Community (EEC) and then as the European Commrmity (EC) it is now usual to refer to the Community as the European Union (EU). The primary legislation is the Treaty of Rome 1957 which established the Community and was incorporated into UK law by the European Corranunities Act 1972 the Single Emopean Act 1985 was incorporated into UK law in 1986 and the Treaty of European Union 1991 (TEU) (the Maastricht Treaty), incorporated into UK law by the European Commrmities Act 1992. The TEU and the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 , strengthen the role of the European Parliament (EP) by extending the scope of the co-decision procedure (outlined below). The Treaty of Nice 2001 is directed to enlargement of the Emopean Union. 

The European Economic Cormnunity Treaty 1957 was renamed the European Community Treaty in 1991 by the Treaty of European Union (the Maastricht Treaty)... 

Maastricht Treaty enters into force. The European Community becomes the EU 1994 Fourth FP (1994-1998)... 

As we all know, international trade has increased incredibly in the last few decades with the advent of the European common maiket (especially the Maastricht Treaty), the North American Eree Trade Agreement, various regional trade agreements in Asia, the common maiket in South America (Mercosur), and various other smaller agreements. With the large cross border traffic and even the internationalization of the engineering profession, risk assessment becomes aitical to assuring a safe and cost-effective operation. 

The Maastricht Treaty on the European Union (TEU). This created the European Union and consists of three parts ... 

---