Spruce bark beetle

Bowers W. W. and Borden J. H. (1990) Evidence for a male-produced aggregation pheromone in the four-eyed spruce bark beetle, Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) (Col., Scolytidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 110, 292-299. 

Leufven A., Bergstrom G. and Falsen E. (1984) Interconversion of verbenols and verbenone by identified yeasts isolated from the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. J. Chem. Ecol. 10, 1349-1361. 

Sahota T. S. and Farris S. H. (1980) Inhibition of flight muscle degradation by precocene II in the spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Can. J. Zool. 58, 378-381. 

The Utilization of Aggregation Pheromone for the Control of the Spruce Bark Beetle... 

Traps compared to Trap Trees. Trap-trees have been used in Europe for more than 200 years to control the spruce bark beetle (14). One reason for developing pheromone traps is to replace the trap-tree method, which has become more and more expensive. An average trap-tree (20 cm d.b.h.) will be occupied by about 6500 beetles (12). Average trap-catches in 1980 were 7406 beetles. Within 2-3 weeks parent beetles occupying a trap-tree have utilized the phloem suitable for breeding so most of them emerge to attack another tree. After 3-4 weeks only 10-20% of the beetles are left. Trap-trees therefore have to be removed from the forest... 

One of the interesting phenomena pertaining to the interaction between the plant -insect and the tree host containing monoterpens is the behaviour of the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus). The main... 

Fig, (4). Transformation of host tree constituents in spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. 

Aggregation pheromones of spruce bark beetles, e.g., from the genus tps, were widely studied in order to fight back their destructive actions in the forests of Canada and Scandinavia. They tend to be simple metabolites of terpenes, present in the resin of the trees they live on, but a rather complicated system of chemical communication has evolved. A great amount of research was necessary to clarify the complicated systems of chemical communication within and between the species, and some points of interest are described here. The bark beetle attack from the genus Ips starts with a few males. If the tree is suitable for them, the pioneer beetles secrete pheromones... 

OTHER COMMENTS used as fragrances in the perfume and cosmetics industry, as components for housefly insecticides, and as chemical components for the large spruce bark beetle attractant utilized as a solvent for nitrocellulose and other lacquers this substance has been granted gras status by FDA for food use. 

CHRISTIANSEN, E., BAKKE, A., The spruce bark beetle of Eurasia, in Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations (A.A. Berryman, ed.,). Plenum, New York. 1988, pp. 479-503. 

WERMELINGER, B., Ecology and management of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus- a review of recent research.. For. Ecol. Manage., 2004, 202, 67-82. 

KLAND, B., BERRYMAN, A.A., Resource dynamic plays a key role in regional fluctuations of the spruce bark beetles Ips typographus., Agric. For. Entomol, 2004, 6, 141-146. 

Bark beetles oxidise toxic monoterpenoid hydrocarbons in their respiratory air, which originate from the resin of the tree they colonise, and thereby circumvent this defense barrier of the tree. Converting these compounds into less toxic secondary metabolites serves another purpose, by providing pheromones to attract insects of the same species, of both sexes. Therefore, an oxygen function is often introduced species-specifically and stereoselectively. European spruce bark beetles oxidise (-)-a-pinene to (S)-cis-verbenol, whereas pine beetles produce (R)-trans-verheno. In the California fivespined engraver Ips paraconfu-sus), myrcene is converted into (S)-ipsdienol and (S)-ipsenol. But Ips pint and Ips paraconfusus are also able to synthesise their pheromones de novo via the classical mevalonate biosynthetic pathway. 

It happens, that some species within a genus utilise the same enantiomer, whereas other species employ the opposite enantiomer. For example, ipsdienol is an important pheromone of spruce bark beetles. Ips calligra-phus and Ips avulsus use (fl)-ipsdienol as their attractant Ips paraconfusus, on the other hand, uses the (S)-enantiomer its (fl)-enantiomer acts even as an inhibitor. [176]... 

One of the most serious pest insects in old stciiids of spruce is the Europesn spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) (Fig. 8.84). While colonising a tree, 2-methylbut-3-en-2-ol and (S)-cis-verbenol are secreted first. After establishing a mating chamber, the polygamous male attracts females with ipsenol and ips-dienol. [180]... 

Schlyter, F. Cederholm, I. (1981). Separation of the sexes of living spruce bark beetles, Ips typographus (L.), (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomohgie, Vol. 92, No. 1-5, pp. 42 -47, ISSN 0044-2240... 

Fig. 94.3 Conifer tree defense against bark beetles with induced resin production, (a) Resin flow on Norway Spruce (Picea abies) bark after attack by bark beetles, (b) The European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus), the most serious bark beetle pest of Norway spruce, attacking spruce bark with phoretic mites, which are probably involved in the transmission of fungal tree pathogens...

Esen A (1992) Purification and partial characterization of maize (Zea mays L.) beta glucosidase Plant Physiol 98 174-182 Faccoli M, Blazenec M, Schlyter F (2005) Feeding response to host and non-host compounds by males and females of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in a tunnelling microassay. J Chem Ecol 31 745-759... 

Bakke, a. Spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus pheromone production and field response to synthetic pheromones. Naturwiss. 63,92 (1976). 

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