Transverse tensile test

Fig. 3.26. Schematic drawing of transverse tensile test specimen.

Longitudinal and transverse tensile tests are prescribed in the case of aluminium and aluminium alloys of great strength of thickness greater than 1 mm., and involve the determination of Elastic Limit, Tensile Strength, and % Elongation. 

Mechanical Properties. As noted previously, caution must be exercised when interpreting strain within weldments, due to the potential for strain localization in transverse tensile tests. However, yield and tensile strength results require no special consideration. Yield strength is often related to hardness, and based on the hardness curves typically obtained for 2024 Al, yield strength as well as fracture location should correlate with the lowest-hardness location in the W -hardness curve. Mechanical properties for 2024 Al have been reported in numerous publications as a function of FSW variables, including tool rotation rate, travel speed, and sheet thickness (Ref 2,4—8,11, 15). 

After the climatic cycle, test samples are stored in standard atmosphere at 20°C and 65% relative humidity until constant mass before transverse tensile testing taking into account the failure types as follows ... 

Figure 3. Test sample design (3/4 view and front view with test device) for transverse tensile testing according to EN 302-3 (2004) [8],...

This assembly (Figure 5.3-3) contains 3 base metal (transverse) tensile test specimens and 12 impact test specimens in the top section. The tension specimens are placed in a housing machined to fit the compartment. Split spacers are placed around the gage length of the specimens to minimize the temperature differential between the specimen gage length and the coolant. The impact specimens are arranged vertically in 1 x 3 arrays and are oriented with the notch toward the reactor core. Spacers are utilized between the test specimens and the compartment. The... 

It is not necessary to know the bulk modulus to convert E to G. If the transverse strain, , of a specimen is determined during a uniaxial tensile test in addition to the extensional or longitudinal strain e their ratio, called F oisson s ratio, v can be used ... 

In addition to the direct measurements of fiber-matrix interface properties discussed in Section 3.2, a number of testing techniques have been devised to assess the fiber-matrix interface bond quality by inference from the gross mechanical properties such as interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), translaminar or in-plane shear strength, and transverse tensile strength. These testing techniques invariably employ... 

Apart from the short beam shear test, which measures the interlaminar shear properties, many different specimen geometry and loading configurations are available in the literature for the translaminar or in-plane strength measurements. These include the losipescu shear test, the 45°]5 tensile test, the [10°] off-axis tensile test, the rail-shear tests, the cross-beam sandwich test and the thin-walled tube torsion test. Since the state of shear stress in the test areas of the specimens is seldom pure or uniform in most of these techniques, the results obtained are likely to be inconsistent. In addition to the above shear tests, the transverse tension test is another simple popular method to assess the bond quality of bulk composites. Some of these methods are more widely used than others due to their simplicity in specimen preparation and data reduction methodology. 

In the [ 45]j tensile test (ASTM D 3518,1991) shown in Fig 3.22, a uniaxial tension is applied to a ( 45°) laminate symmetric about the mid-plane to measure the strains in the longitudinal and transverse directions, and Ey. This can be accomplished by instrumenting the specimen with longitudinal and transverse element strain gauges. Therefore, the shear stress-strain relationships can be calculated from the tabulated values of and Ey, corresponding to particular values of longitudinal load, (or stress relations derived from laminated plate theory (Petit, 1969 Rosen, 1972) ... 

The [10°] off axis tension specimen shown in Fig 3.23 is another simple specimen similar in geometry to that of the [ 45 ]s tensile test. This test uses a unidirectional laminate with fibers oriented at 10° to the loading direction and the biaxial stress state (i.e. longitudinal, transverse and in-plane shear stresses on the 10° plane) occurs when it is subjected to a uniaxial tension. When this specimen fails under tension, the in-plane shear stress, which is almost uniform through the thickness, is near its critical value and gives the shear strength of the unidirectional fiber composites based on a procedure (Chamis and Sinclair, 1977) similar to the [ 45°]s tensile test. 

The TS of the compacted samples was determined by transverse compression with a custom-built tensile tester. Tensile failure was observed for all the rectangular compacts when compressed between flat-faced platens at a speed ranging between 0.006 and 0.016 mm/sec. Platen speed was adjusted between materials to maintain a time constant of 15 2 seconds to account for viscoelastic differences the constant is the time between the sample break point and when the measured force equals Fbreak/e in the force versus time profile, where the denominator is the mathematical e. Specially modified punch and die sets permitted the formation of square compacts with a centrally located hole (0.11 cm diameter) that acted as a stress concentrator during tensile testing. This capability permitted the determination of a compromised compact TS and thus facilitated an assessment of the defect sensitivity of each compacted material. At least two replicate determinations were performed for each mechanical testing procedure and mean values are reported. 

In the 90° direction, the fiber-matrix interphase is a controlling factor in the flexural strength. Here a 35% increase in flexural strength is measured in direct proportion to the increase in interfacial shear strength measured with the ITS tests. The transverse tensile strength of the fiber-matrix interphase is greater for the finished fiber than for the bare fiber. Apparently the lower toughness of the... 

Longitudinal strain es was measured in the central 20 mm of the specimen, and lateral strain e1 was measured simultaneously at the center of the gage portion is usually negative in a tensile test. The lateral strain e2 was not measured. In the calculations all specimens, including those cut from a drawn sheet, were assumed to be transversely isotropic— i.e., ei = e2. On the basis of this assumption the volume strain AV/V was calculated from the expression ... 

Fig. 7 Sequential micrographs of the evolution of the damage in a SiO 4.5 wt.% P film deposited on an Al substrate subjected to a tensile test (system C, Figure 6). The black arrows show the tensile direction, (a) Networks of primary and secondary cracks perpendicular to the tensile axis (e = 11%). The white arrows show a secondary crack which stops when getting close to primary cracks, (b) decohesion and buckling of the strips of film. Slip lines are observed on the Al surface under the buckled strips, and (c) transverse rupture of the buckled zones along the directions of maximum shear of the substrate (e = 19%).

For each degree of cold work, two sheets were used for the tensile tests, and in each sheet three test pieces were cut longitudinally and three transversely. 

Tensile testing of ceramics is time-consuming and expensive because of the difficulty in machining test specimens. Instead, the simpler transverse bending or flexure test is used, where the specimen is loaded to failure in either... 

Wherever possible, tensile tests were made both parallel and transverse to the rolling direction. In the extrusion, tests were also made in the short-transverse direction. Welds were tested transverse to the weld bead, parallel to the rolling direction of the parent material. 

Figure 2.9 Tensile test for one-ply composite Exfieriment experiments (3 representative samples) and FEA the simulalion results. The model has the following feamres o-FVF = 44%, iy-FVF = 74.5%, inter-yam matrix layer is 20 pm. The transverse strength is assumed to be 40 MPa, the longitudinal strength is 1280 MPa at 60% FVF. The local stress is used to predict...

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