Transplants, bone marrow stem-cell

Although research into stem cells is new, the use of stem cells for therapy has been with us for some time. Most of us are familiar with bone marrow transplant for patients with leukemia. This procedure involves finding a matching donor to harvest bone marrow stem cells and transfuse them into the patient with leukemia (see Exhibit 4.16 for details). 

The aim of a bone marrow transplant is to replace the abnormal bone marrow stem cells with healthy stem cells from a donor. Healthy stem cells are normally harvested using a syringe to withdraw bone marrow from the rear hip bone of the donor. They are then infused into the patient via a catheter in the chest area. Before the infusion, the patient receives chemotherapy or radiotherapy to destroy the diseased bone marrow stem cells so that the infused stem cells have a chance to grow free of complications from diseased cells. 

Autologous Transplant The patient donates his or her own bone marrow or stem cells before treatment, for reinfusion later. This happens when a patient is receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy in such a high dose that the bone marrow is destroyed. The bone marrow stem cells collected previously are reinjected into the patient to reinforce the immune system. 

In practical veterinary the SC can be used in substitution therapy in case of different pathologies. The methods of making 3-D cell construction have been already invented and are applied for the substitution of large bone, skin, and cartilage defects. The transplantation of bone marrow stem cells is used in the case of animal oncology diseases. The methods of cell therapy with the usage of SC are approbated in the treatment of autoimmune and endocrine diseases of domestic animals. 

Another potential deleterious effect of bone marrow stem cell therapy is myocardial calcification. In a recent study, Yoon et al. [155] noted that direct transplantation of unselected bone marrow cells into acutely infarcted myocardium could induce significant intramyocardial calcification. In the same study, however, ABMMNCs did not. 

C, Nienaber CA, Freund M, Steinhoff G. CABG and bone marrow stem cell transplantation after myocardial infarction. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2QQA 52 152-158. 

Stamm C, Westphal B, Kleine HD, et al. Autologous bone-marrow stem-cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration. Lancet 2003 361 45-46. 

Ott HC, Bonaros N, Marksteiner R, et al. Combined transplantation of skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow stem cells for myocardial repair in rats. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004 25 627-634. 

For example it may be possible to develop healthy heart muscle cells in the laboratory and then transplant those cells into patients with chronic heart disease. Preliminary research in mice and other animals indicates that bone marrow stem cells, transplanted into a damaged heart, can generate the heart cells and repopulate the heart tissue. 

G-CSF is widely used to mobilise bone marrow stem cells into the peripheral blood to support both autologous and allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor transplantation. The use of peripheral blood progenitors as opposed to bone marrow progenitors is associated with earlier neutrophil and platelet recovery, fewer red cell transfusions and earlier discharge from hospital. 

Adult stem cells include skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow stem cells. Skeletal myoblasts are highly resistant to ischemia, they are harvested as autologous cells and differentiate efficiently into adult skeletal muscle after transplantation. Electromechanical coupling between mature skeletal grafts and cardiac muscle has yet to be demonstrated. Furthermore, arrhythmias are reported to occur with the use of skeletal myoblasts.255... 

D. Orlic, J. Kajstura, S. Chimenti, D.M. Bodine, A. Leri, and P. Anversa, Bone marrow stem cells regenerate infarcted myocardium, Pediatr Transplant 7 Suppl 3, 86-88 (2003). 

UCB represents an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells in children and some adults who do not have a HLA-matched sibling donor. As discussed above, UCB has some advantages over bone marrow stem cells. In addition, the time required to identify and obtain cells from an unrelated UCB donor is usually less than 1 month, which is significantly shorter than that required for an unrelated marrow donor. Therefore a UCB graft may be advantageous for patients who require an urgent transplant. 

Bartsch, T., Brehm, M., Zeus, T., Kogler, G., WemeL P., Strauer, B.E. Transplantation of autologous mononuclear bone marrow stem cells in patients with peripheral arterial disease (the tam-pad study). Clinical Research in Cardiology Official Journal of the German Cardiac Society 96, 891-899 (2007)... 

Severe aplastic anemia has been described in a women who took leflunomide for 1 month for rheumatoid arthritis [65" ]. Peripheral blood analyses showed pancytopenia. Bone marrow cytomorphology and histopathology showed hypoplasia of hemopoietic lines without evidence of blasts or dysplasia. Allogeneic bone marrow stem cell transplantation was successfully performed. 

Somatic Stem Cell Therapies. There are disadvantages and advantages to using somatic stem cells for therapies. One disadvantage is that these stem cells are multipotent but not pluripotent, and the types of cells that can be developed are limited. Previously, it was thought that somatic stem cells could develop into only the specialized cells from which they were derived, making it necessary to use only bone marrow stem cells for bone marrow transplantation, fiver stem cells for fiver diseases, and so on. However, experiments on mice have shown that, for example, when neural stem cells were placed into bone marrow, a variety of blood cell types were produced. So it is possible that even specialized stem cells may be manipulated to be wider reaching in their... 

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