Transmission Capacity

The bandwidth of a fiber determines the maximum transmission data rate or maximum transmission distance. Most common POF (plastic optical fiber) transmission systems adopt on-off keying by direct modulation of the optical source (laser or light-emitting diode). If an input pulse waveform can be detected without distortion at the other end of the fiber, the maximum link length is limited by the fiber attenuation. However, in addition to the optical power attenuation, the output pulse is generally broader in time than the input pulse. This pulse broadening limits the transmission capacity, namely, the bandwidth of the fiber. The bandwidth is determined by the impulse response as follows [1] Optical fibers are usually considered quasi-linear systems thus, the output pulse is described by 

The output pulse Po it) from the fiber can be calculated in the time domain through the convolution (denoted by ) of the input pulse and the impulse response function fz(t) ofthe fiber. Fourier transformation of Equation 3.1 provides a simple expression as the product in the frequency domain  

Fundamentals of Plastic Optical Fibers, First Edition. Yasuhiro Koike. 

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The selection of flat belts is made along similar lines to that for V-belts (discussed later in more detail). The load-transmission capacity of a flat belt can be defined by... 

P = load to be transmitted in kW W = maximum load-transmission capacity of the belt. 

Calculation of surplus wind generation Hourly time series of wind generation and electricity demand are used for the calculation of the surplus wind generation. Furthermore, some assumptions are made following the arguments in DENA (2005). At least 700 MW of nuclear power plants and 160 MW of coal power plants are necessary to secure grid stability. The transmission capacity of the grid is... 

In January 1992. E. Desurvire (Columbia University Center for Telecommunications Research) reported that optical fibers made from silica glass and traces of erbium can amplify light signals when they are energized by infrared radiation. Desurvire developed an efficient radiation source (referred (o as a laser diode chip) that, when integrated into a fiber optic communication system, can increase transmission capacity by a factor of 10(1. 

In the case of multimode optical fibers a well defined radial variation of dope concentration in the fiber core is required for high data transmission capacity. Therefore... 

An overstrained transmission grid is vulnerable to a loss of service at any location for example, in early April 2001, a windstorm knocked out a transmission line between the Northwest and Southern California, depriving Los Angeles of 3,000 megawatts of transmission capacity for ten days and causing a Stage 2 emergency. 

As the power transmission capacity of the extruder gearbox has increased, the ability to process at higher rpm has kept pace. While at the beginning of the 1990s typical processing speeds were between 300 and 600 rpm, today, these same materials are processed at up to 1200 rpm and greater. 

Quality of service (QoS) is the crucial issue in many cases. From specitd (e.g., transmissionintensive critical scientific) applications to real-time high-quality multimedia videoconferencing to bandwidth-demanding entertainment applications and to less demanding e-mtiil traffic, the different quality-level requirements of the service result in multiple grades of QoS, from best-efforts IP to guaranteed transmission capacity services. 

The second point to consider regarding seals is the amount of shaft deflection that may be tolerated while still providing effective sealing. It has been reported that concentric seals can tolerate deflections of about 0.76 mm, whilst coaxial seals and packed-gland units can withstand only 0.076 mm. Thus, in sizing the shaft for a given application, it is essential to consider not only the power transmission capacity, but also the maximum deflection that the seal can tolerate. This latter limitation may well be the deciding factor. 

We chose this problem because of the increasing demand for efficient and reliable communication protocols in the telecommunication industry. Computer networks, in fact, are gaining an increasing importance as they penetrate business and everyday-life (Stevens, 94). Technological evolution results in increased computational power and transmission capacity. These two phenomena open the way to the development and exploitation of new applications (e.g., video-conferencing) which require demanding services ftom the network. As a result... 

Furthermore, from the point of view of the optimal network expansion, one should consider not only the increased rehability and the associated costs but also the benefits to the electrical transmission capacity of the network, which may lead to ejqtanding the search space by considering also the possibility of increasing the capacities of existing links or adding multiple hnks among already coimected nodes. This and other objectives can be added straightforwardly in the multi-objective formulation proposed. 

Like metals and also due to its electrical conductivity, G is a material that also has a high heat transmission capacity. In addition, one of the properties of G directly related to the interplay between heat and electrical conductivity is its high Seebeck coefficient that measures of efficiency to generate voltage when the material is submitted to heating on one side as consequence of the temperature gradient between the two faces. 

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