Transfer of copyright

Because the circumstances under which an independendy commissioned work is considered a work made for hire are limited, the commissioning party is likely to seek a transfer of copyright in the form of an assignment or Hcense. 

Transfers and Licenses of Copyright. Like other forms of property, copyright may be freely transferred. However, there are certain special rules governing the transfer of copyrights, and certain aspects of the law concerning transfer of property are of special importance to copyright. 

In the case of joint ownership of works, where the joint owners are treated as tenants in common, each co-owner may only transfer his or her own interest in the copyright and not the co-owner s interest. Thus a co-owner may not grant an exclusive Hcense, which constitutes a transfer of copyright ownership, without the co-owner s permission. However, any co-owner may grant a nonexclusive Hcense to use the copyright without the co-owner s permission. In this case, the co-owner granting the Hcense must account to all other co-owners for their proportional shares of any profits realized by the nonexclusive Hcense. 

The Copyright Law provides a termination right to authors or, if they are dead, to their surviving spouses and children (11). Any transfer of copyright made after January 1, 1978, by an author maybe terminated between 35 and 40 years after the transfer is made, and the copyright recaptured. The technical formalities concerning such terminations are intricate. 

Transfermium elements, names of, 17 387t Transfer molding, 10 458 of Teflon PFA, 18 337 of thermosetting resins, 19 557-558 Transfer of copyrights, 7 788-791 Transfer panels, 11 33-34 Transfer printing, 9 221, 242 Transfer processes, relationship among, 15 731... 

Publishers and authors need to be aware of the rights they hold, either explicitly under the U.S. copyright law, or via a licensing arrangement. ACS requires complete transfer of copyright in all formats, thus allowing ACS to publish material in different formats. 

It is a peculiar and remarkable aspect of academic journals that their publishers make a profit while receiving almost all their copy entirely for free. Almost all journals require transfer of copyright from authors to publisher upon acceptance of submitted manuscripts. Technically, this requires that an author needs specific permission from the publisher to use his own manuscript later in practice, this permission is routinely granted upon written application. A few journals now seek only exclusive licenses from authors, one condition of which preserves the author s right to personally use his own work, and which leaves copyright ownership with the author(s) the license can also become void if the publisher fails to exploit it, and can yield royalties to the authors. In practice, this license removes the administrative burden of granting routine permissions by the publisher, and royalties on journal reprints are either nominal or absent. 

It is a peculiar and remarkable aspect of academic journals that their publishers make a profit while receiving almost all their copy entirely for free. Almost all journals require transfer of copyright from authors to publisher upon acceptance of submitted manuscripts. Technically, this requires... 

Inclusion of data in this volume, from any source, in no way implies a transference of copyright from the original copyright holders to either Chapman Hall, the authors or the users of this volume. 

Joint Ownership. Joint ownership of copyright occurs when there is joint authorship, but it may also occur in other ways, for example, by transfer of a copyright to two or more individuals, such as when an author bequeaths a copyright to two children. 

Ownership of the copyright in a work is distinct from ownership of the material object, ie, the copy or phonorecord, in which the copyrighted work is embodied. The transfer of one does not constitute transfer of the other. Eor example, if a painter sells his or her painting, ie, the material object, such as canvas and oils, the painter does not automatically transfer the copyright in it sale of that copyright, so as to allow reproduction of the oil painting in printed posters, does not transfer the material object. 

The Right of Public Distribution. The exclusive right to reproduce the copyrighted work also entails pubHc distribution of copies, by sale or other transfer of ownership. This right, too, is the copyright owner s. 

Fig. 5. Transfer of adsorbate moleeules to adsorbent. Repnnted from [29] with permission, copyright 1984 The McGraw Hill Companies.

Figure 9.3 Schematic illustration of the electrophoretic transfer of proteins in the chromatophoresis process. After being eluted from the HPLC column, the proteins were reduced with /3-mercaptoethanol in the protein reaction system (PRS), and then deposited onto the polyacrylamide gradient gel. (PRC, protein reaction cocktail). Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, 443, W. G. Button et al., Separation of proteins by reversed-phase Mgh-performance liquid cliromatography , pp 363-379, copyright 1988, with permission from Elsevier Science.

F ure 6.5 (a) Schematic representation of a 3D spectrum of a linear spin syv tern ABC with identical mixing processes Mi and M2. In a linear spin system, the transfer of magnetization between A and C is forbidden for both Mi and M2, (b) Schematic representation of a 3D spectrum of a linear spin system ABC, where transfer via Mi is possible only between A and B and transfer via M2 occurs only between B and C. (Reprinted from J. Mag. Reson. 84, C. Griesinger, et al., 14, copyright (1989), with permission from Academic Press, Inc.)... 

Figure 7.3 One-dimensional COSYspectram for an AX system, (a) A common ID sjjectrum. (b) Selective excitation of spin A leads to a ID COSY spectrum with antiphase X lines and maximum transfer of magnetization from A to X. (Reprinted from Mag. Reson. Chem. 29, H. Kessler et at, 527, copyright (1991), with permission from John Wiley and Sons Limited, Baffins Lane, Chichester, Sussex P019 lUD, England.)...

FIG. 8 Proposed model of the transfer of a hydrophilic ion across the O/W interface. The illustration shows the transfer of Na+ from W to NB as a typical example. (From Ref 46. Copyright 1997 American Chemical Society.)... 

FIG. 25 Typical DPSC data for the oxidation of 10 mM bromide to bromine (forward step upper solid curve) and the collection of electrogenerated Br2 (reverse step lower solid curve) at a 25 pm diameter disk UME in aqueous 0.5 M sulfuric acid, at a distance of 2.8 pm from the interface with DCE. The period of the initial (generation) potential step was 10 ms. The upper dashed line is the theoretical response for the forward step at the defined tip-interface separation, with a diffusion coefficient for Br of 1.8 x 10 cm s . The remaining dashed lines are the reverse transients for irreversible transfer of Br2 (diffusion coefficient 9.4 x 10 cm s ) with various interfacial first-order rate constants, k, marked on the plot. (Reprinted from Ref. 34. Copyright 1997 American Chemical Society.)... 

FIG. 19 Normalized concentration profiles (solid lines) of the reactants and products in the DCE (a) or aqueous (b) receptor phase for the reaction between Fc (DCE) and IrClg (aqueous) with 0.1 M CIO4 in both DCE and the aqueous phase. In each case, the reactant concentration in the receptor phase was 1 mM, with 10 mM reactant inside the droplet. Drop times and final sizes were (a) 5.54 s and 0.96 mm, and (b) 6.32 s and 1.00 mm. The theoretical profiles (dashed lines) are for a transport-controlled reaction, with no transfer of the product ions. (Reprinted from Ref. 80. Copyright 1999, Royal Society of Chemistry.)... 

FIG. 5 Probing ionic reactions with a dual-pipette device, (a) Simple transfer of a cation (b) and (c) IT is followed by a chemical reaction in solution, (b) The reaction product is not transferred into the collector pipette, (c) Both the cation and the reaction product are collected. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 10. Copyright 1998 American Chemical Society.)... 

FIG. 13 Schematic illustration of the SECM feedback mode based on a simple ion-transfer reaction. Cations are transferred from the top (organic) phase into the aqueous solution inside the pipette tip. Positive feedback is due to IT from the bottom (aqueous) layer into the organic phase. Electroneutrality in the bottom layer is maintained by reverse transfer of the common ion across the ITIES beyond the close proximity of the pipette where its concentration is depleted. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 30. Copyright 1998 American Chemical Society.)... 

Figure 8.20 Scheaatic representation of process of (A) pairtial concurrent evaporation and (B) concurrent evaporation using a loop-type interface for the transfer of eluent fron an VC colunn to a 6C column. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 224. Copyright Elsevier Scientific Publishers).

Fig. 13 Energy diagram of hydrogen atom transfer of HBO (above) and HBT (below) (reprint from ref. [108], Copyright 2002 Royal Society of Chemistry)...

Figure 12.4 Proposed path for the intracellular transfer of Cu(I) by Atxl. Copper destined for incorporation into the vascular multicopper oxidase Fet3 requires both Ctrl and Ccc2. Cytoplasmic Cu(I)-Atxl, but not apo-Atxl, associates with the amino-terminal domain of Ccc2 and Cu(I) is transferred to the latter. (Inset) A proposed mechanism for the exchange of Cu(I) involving two- and three-coordinate Cu-bridged intermediates. The human homologues of Atxl (Hahl), Ccc2 (Menkes and Wilson s proteins) and Fet3 (ceruloplasmin) are likely to employ similar mechanisms. Reprinted with permission from Pufahl et al., 1997. Copyright (1997) American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Figure 2. Bioavailability of soot-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). The transfer of l4C-BaP from diesel soot to microsomes was measured. Microsomal protein (0.5 mg) was incubated at 37 C with the [14C]-benzo(a)pyrene-coated diesel particles. ( ) lung microsomes and 0.2 mM NADPH (O) lung microsomes (A) liver microsomes with 0.2 mM NADPH (A) liver microsomes ( ) 0.5 mg albumin ( ) buffer (0.15 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.7, containing 3 mM MgCI2 and 0.1 mM EDTA). The presence of NADPH, a cofactor necessary for BaP metabolism, did not affect the transfer of BaP from the soot. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 15. Copyright 1988 Elsevier.)...

Figure 7.6 A cartoon showing a strict channelling mechanism transfer of Fem from Fet3p to Ftrlp is non-dissociative and the Fem does not equilibrate with the bulk phase. (Reprinted with permission from Kwok et al. 2006. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 1. An Fe(H20)62+-Fe(HgO)6s+ complex at the traditional inner-sphere contact distance with the inner-sphere complexes (Th symmetry) oriented to give overall S6 symmetry. This geometry is favorable for transfer of an electron between t g-5d atomic orbitals (AO s, which have

Transfer of information from DNA to protein. The nucleotide sequence in DNA specifies the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. DNA usually exists as a two-chain helical structure. The information contained in the nucleotide sequence of only one of the DNA chains is used to specify the nucleotide sequence of the messenger RNA molecule (mRNA). This sequence information is used in polypeptide synthesis. A three-nucleotide sequence in the mRNA molecule codes for a specific amino acid in the polypeptide chain. (Illustration copyright by Irving Geis. Reprinted by permission.)... 

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