Trans regulators

Fig. 6.5(a) OR gene expression. M, maternal and P, paternal DNA strands 1 2, chromosomes from neurones with differential cis/trans regulation (M/P) of each DNA strand (from Chess et al., 1998). [ = OR gene locus = suppressed regulatory element]... 

Furthermore, the two isomeric butenylnickel(II) forms of the active catalyst complex, the anti and syn forms, can differ in their reactivity depending on the catalyst structure. The key to understanding the cis-trans regulation lies in the different reactivities of the anti- and syn-butenylnickel(II) forms of the active catalyst complex, both in relation to their interconversion and together with the associated anti-syn equilibrium. 

Zink B. and Paro R. 1989. In vivo binding pattern of a trans-regulator of homoeotic genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 337 468 71. 

G proteins are molecular amplifiers for a large number of seven-trans-membrane helix receptors that regulate responses like vision, smell and stress response. They are heterotrimeric molecules, Gap, that dissociate into membrane-bound Ga and Gpy signal transmitters upon activation of the receptor. 

Monod, J., Wyman, J., and Changenx, J.-R, 1965. On die nature of allo.steric tran.sitions A plan.sible mo(. Journal of Molecular Biology 12 88-118. The cla.ssic paper diat provided the first theoretical analysis of allo.steric regulation. 

In the trans Golgi compartment the peptide is sorted via secretory vesicles into a regulated pathway. In contrast to vesicles of the constitutive pathway, vesicles of the regulated pathway are stored in the cytoplasm until their stimulated release. Membrane depolarisation as well as a wide range of substances such as intracellular mediators, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, classical hormones, cytokines, growth factors, ions and nutrients induce somatostatin secretion. General inhibitors of somatostatin release are opiates, GABA, leptin and TGF- 3. 

Mayes PA, Laker ME Regulation of ketogenesis in the liver. Biochem Soc Trans 1981 9 339. 

A most important function of vitamin A is in the control of cell differentiation and mrnover. PsA-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cw-retinoic acid (Figure 45-1) regulate growth, development, and tissue differentiation they have different actions in different tissues. Like the steroid hormones and vitamin D, retinoic acid binds to nuclear receptors that bind to response elements of DNA and regulate the transcription of specific genes. There are two families of nuclear retinoid receptors the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) bind all-rrijw-retinoic acid or 9-c -retinoic acid, and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) bind 9-cw-retinoic acid. 

Muesing MA, Smith DH, Capon DJ (1987) Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein. CeU 48(4) 691-701 Nicholson JK, Cross GD, CaUaway CS, McDougal JS (1986) In vitro infection of human monocytes with human T lymphotropic virus type Ill/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/ LAV). J Immunol 137(l) 323-329... 

Oberlin E, Amara A, Bachelerie F et al (1996) The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 382 833-835 Oh SB, Endoh T, Simen AA, Ren D, Miller RJ (2002) Regulation of calcium currents by chemok-ines and their receptors. J Neuroimmunol 123 66-75 Oh SB, Tran PB, GiUard SE, Hurley RW, Hammond DL, Miller RJ (2001) Chemokines and glycoprotein 120 produce pain hypersensitivity by directly exciting primary nociceptive neurons. J Neurosci 21 5027-5035... 

Belmadani A, Tran PB, Ren D, Miller RJ (2006) Chemokines regulate the migration of neural progenitors to sites of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci 26 3182-3191 Bensinger SJ, Tontonoz P (2008) Integration of metabolism and inflammation by lipid activated nuclear receptors. Nature 454 470-477... 

Tran PB, Ren D, Veldhouse TJ, Miller RJ (2004) Chemokine receptors are expressed widely by embryonic and adult neural progenitor cells. J Neurosci Res 76 20-34 Tran PB, Banisadr G, Ren D, Chenn A, Miller RJ (2007) Chemokine receptor expression by neural progenitor cells in neurogenic regions of mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 500 1007-1033 U eyler N, Sommer C (2008) Cytokine regulation in animal models of neuropathic pain and in human diseases. Neurosci Lett 437 194-198... 

---