Golgi compartment

Furin, also known as paired basic amino-acid-cleaving enzyme (PACE), is a membrane bound subtilisin-like serine protease of the irons Golgi compartment. It is ubiquitously expressed and mediates processing of many protein precursors at Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg sites. 

Nakamura N (2005) Four Na+/FT1 exchanger isoforms are distributed to golgi and post-golgi compartments and are involved in organelle pH regulation. J Biol Chem 280 1561-1572... 

In the trans Golgi compartment the peptide is sorted via secretory vesicles into a regulated pathway. In contrast to vesicles of the constitutive pathway, vesicles of the regulated pathway are stored in the cytoplasm until their stimulated release. Membrane depolarisation as well as a wide range of substances such as intracellular mediators, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, classical hormones, cytokines, growth factors, ions and nutrients induce somatostatin secretion. General inhibitors of somatostatin release are opiates, GABA, leptin and TGF- 3. 

Protein glycosylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments of the cell and involves a complex series of enzymatic reactions catalysed by membrane-bound glycosyltransferases and glyco-sidases. The two main types of protein glycosylation have very different biosynthetic pathways. 

Glycoproteins and glycolipids have complex sugar residues attached. Since they are attached in the ER and Golgi compartments, the sugar... 

Because membranes components participate in nearly every cell activity their structures are also dynamic and far from the equilibrium states that are most readily understood in biophysical terms. Newly synthesized bilayer lipids are initially associated with endoplasmic reticulum (Ch.3) whereas phospholipids initially insert into the cytoplasmic leaflet while cholesterol and sphingolipids insert into the luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leaflet. Glycosylation of ceramides occurs as they transit the Golgi compartments, forming cerebrosides and gangliosides in the luminal leaflet. Thus, unlike model systems, the leaflets of ER membranes are asymmetric by virtue of their mode of biosynthesis. 

Allan, B., and Balch, W. (1999). Protein sorting by directed maturation of Golgi compartments. Science 285, 63-66. 

Several ceUular toxins of the AB type have been shown to enter the cell by endocytosis, followed by intracellular transport to the Golgi compartment and the ER (Hazes and Read, 1997). Among this subgroup are the cholera... 

The synthesis of peproinsulin on ribosomes in the cytosol and the release of mature insulin from secretion vesicles involve not only the chain cleavages but also transport of the polypeptide across membranes of the ER, Golgi compartments, and secretion vesicles. 

Fucose, galactose, and sialic acid residues are added in the trans-Golgi and trans-Golgi network compartments. The membranes of the Golgi compartments contain nucleotide-sugar translocases specific for transferring each nucleotide sugar across the membrane. 

Although not as acidic as lysosomes (with an intra-compartmental pH of 4.5, see Ref. 21), the pH 5.5 environment of the endosome [22] is sufficiently low to cause the dissociation of some hormones from their receptors. When this occurs, there is a subsequent sequestering of the free hormone from the receptor in a related vesicle and tubule compartment called CURL (compartment for uncoupling of receptor from ligand, see Ref. 23), where the free hormone is sequestered into the vesicular structure while the receptor accumulates in the membrane of the tubule structure. A subsequent physical separation of these compartments allows for the differential processing of the hormone versus the receptor. Thus, while the free hormone is ultimately delivered (via vesicle fusion) to the lysosome where it is degraded, the free receptor may be recycled (via the Golgi compartment) to the cell... 

Fig- 12.2 Schematic view of the fungal secretory pathway. N nucleus, ER endoplasmic reticulum, V vacuole, G Golgi compartment, W cell wall filled circles protein. Arrows indicate path of protein for secretion... 

Raposo G, Marks MS, Cutler DF. 2007. Lysosome-related organelles Driving post-Golgi compartments into specialization. Curr Opin Cell Biol 19 394-401. 

Yuan, D. S., Dancis, A., and Klausner, R. D. (1997). Restriction of copper export in Sacchar-omyces cerevisiae to a late Golgi or post-Golgi compartment in the secretory pathway./. Biol. Chem. 272, 25787-25793. 

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