Toxins pyrogens

Large-Volume Parenterals Color, clarity, particulate matter, pH, sterility, endo-toxin/pyrogen, and volume. 

Bacterial enck)toxin pass the water through a pyrogenic connection for about 1 minute and then collect the sample in a pyrogenic bottle. All materials coming in contact with test materials and reagents must be pyrogen free and careful technique is essential to prevent contamination with environmental endotoxin. 

Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus secrete a number of enterotoxins and pyrogenic exotoxins, respectively. These toxins are known as superantigens, since they simultaneously form complexes with the major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) molecules and T-cell receptors (TCRs) enabling them to activate a number of T-cell lymphocytes. Thus, superantigens stimulate up to... 

E, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) A, B, Cs, G, and H, the streptococcal mitogenic exotoxins, SMEZ and SMEZ-2 are the best structurally studied superantigens thus far (Tables 5 and 6). 

Monday SR, Bohach GA (1999) Use of multiplex PCR to detect classical and newly described pyrogenic toxin genes in staphylococcal isolates. 1 Qin Microbiol 37 3411-3414 Monecke S, Slickers P, Ehricht R (2008) Assignment of Staphylococcus aureus isolates to clonal complexes based on microarray analysis and pattern recognition. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 53 237-251... 

Fast DJ, Schlievert PM, Nelson RD Toxic shock syndrome-associated staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor production. Infect Immun 1989 57 291-294. 

Watson D Host-parasite factors in group A streptococcal infections. Pyrogenic and other effects of immunologic distinct exotoxins related to scarlet fever toxins. J Exp Med 1960 111 255—284. 

Kreiswirth B, Handley J, Schlievert P, Novick R Cloning and expression of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A and staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Gen Genet 1987 208 84-87. 

Imanishi K, Igarashi H, UchiyamaT Activation of murine T cells by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type A. Requirement for MHC class II molecules on accessory cells and identification ofV beta elements in T cell receptor of toxin-reactive T cells. J Immunol 1990 145 3170-3176. 

Gerlach D, Reichardt W, Fleischer B, Schmidt K Separation of mitogenic and pyrogenic activities from so-called erythrogenic toxin type B (Streptococcal proteinase). Zentralbl Bakteriol 1994 280 507-514. 

Hartwig U, Gerlach D, Fleischer B Major histocompatibility complex class II binding site for streptococcal pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin A. Med Microbiol Immunol 1994 183 257-264. Hudson KR, Tiedemann RE, Urban RG, Lowe SC, Strominger JL, Fraser JD Staphylococcal enterotoxin A has two cooperative binding sites on major histocompatibility complex class II. J Exp Med 1995 182 711-720. 

YuCE, Ferretti JJ Molecular epidemiologic analysis of the type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) gene (speA) in clinical Streptococcus pyogenes strains. Infect Immun 1989 57 3715-3719. Hauser A, Stevens D, Kaplan E, Schlievert P Molecular analysis of pyrogenic exotoxins from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates associated with toxic shock-like syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1991 29 1562-1567. 

Eriksson BKG, Andersson J, Holm SE, Norgren M Invasive group A streptococcal infections T1M1 isolates expressing pyrogenic exotoxins A and B in combination with selective lack of toxin-neutralizing antibodies are associated with increased risk of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis 1999 1X0 410 -IIS. 

Smoot LM, McCormick JK, Smoot JC, Hoe NP, Strickland I, Cole RL, Barbian KD, Earhart CA, Ohlendorf DH, Veasy LG, Hill HR, Leung DYM, Schlievert PM, Musser JM Characterization of two novel pyrogenic toxin superantigens made by an acute rheumatic fever clone of Streptococcus pyogenes associated with multiple disease outbreaks. Infect Immun 2002 70 7095-7104. 

Orwin PM, Leung DY, Tripp TJ, Bohach GA, Earhart CA, Ohlendorf DH, Schlievert PM Characterization of a novel staphylococcal enterotoxin-like superantigen, a member of the group V subfamily of pyrogenic toxins. Biochemistry 2002 41 14033-14040. 

Mitchell DT, Levitt DG, Schlievert PM, Ohlendorf DH Structural evidence for the evolution of pyrogenic toxin superantigens. J Mol Evol 2000 51 520-531. 

Schlievert PM, Jablonski LM, Roggiani M, Sadler I, Callantine S, Mitchell DT, Ohlendorf DH, Bohach GA Pyrogenic toxin superantigen site specificity in toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning in animals. Infect Immun 2000 68 3630-3634. 

R. G. Ulrich et al., Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and related pyrogenic toxins, in E R. Sidell et al. (eds), Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare (Washington, DC Office of the Surgeon General, US Army, 1997), pp.621-30. 

Coley s Toxins are the by-products from two common bacteria. Streptococcus pyrogenes and Serratia marcescens. The toxins can cause a fever anywhere from slightly above normal to 105°F, and a pulse rate of 100 or more, and accompanying chills. In other words, flu-like symptoms. To quote directly from Moss s book ... 

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of seven enterotoxins produced by strains of Staphylococcus aureus. SEB, the best understood of the staphylococcal enterotoxins, can be regarded as the type enterotoxin. Staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), and certain other bacterial products (such as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins [SPE]) and viral products (which are not discussed in this chapter) are commonly referred to as superantigens because of their profound effects on the immune system. Minute concentrations of superantigens can activate the immune system receptors because they bind with strong avidity to T-cell antigen receptors and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). 

The staphylococcal and streptococcal toxins with superantigen-like properties are 23- to 29-kilodalton (kd) proteins (referred to here as pyrogenic toxins) that can be categorized into three distinct amino acid-sequence homology groups2 ... 

The pyrogenic toxins bind to MHC class II molecules and this complex, in turn, stimulates T cells.58 In contrast, MHC-independent binding induces T-cell anergy. It is likely that all pyrogenic toxins share a common mode for binding MHC class II mol-... 

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