Streptococcal toxin

Tripathi A, Conley DB, Grammer LC, et al Immunoglobulin E to staphylococcal and streptococcal toxins in patients with chronic sinusitis/nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope 2004 114 1822-1826. 

The staphylococcal and streptococcal toxins with superantigen-like properties are 23- to 29-kilodalton (kd) proteins (referred to here as pyrogenic toxins) that can be categorized into three distinct amino acid-sequence homology groups2 ... 

Scarlet fever is produced following infection with certain strains of Strep, pyogenes. These produce a potent toxin which causes an erythrogenic skin rash which accompanies the more usual effects of a streptococcal infection. 

Yokoyama Y, Harabuchi Y (2002) Intranasal immunization with lipoteichoic acid and cholera toxin evokes specific pharyngeal IgA and systemic IgG responses and inhibits streptococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells in mice. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolar-yngol 63(3) 235-241... 

E, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) A, B, Cs, G, and H, the streptococcal mitogenic exotoxins, SMEZ and SMEZ-2 are the best structurally studied superantigens thus far (Tables 5 and 6). 

Czerkinsky C, Russell MW, Lycke N, et al. (1989) Oral adminstration of a streptococcal antigen coupled to cholera toxin B subunit evokes strong antibody responses in salivary glands and extramucosal tissues. In Infect. Immun. 57 1072-1077. 

Eichel-Streiber Cv, Sauerborn M (1990) Clostridium difficile toxin A carries a C-terminal repetitive structure homologous to the carbohydrate binding region of streptococcal glycosyltransferases. In Gene, 96 107—ll3. 

Pinkney M, Kapur V, Smith J et al. (1995) Different forms of streptolysin O produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and by Escherichia coli expressing recombinant toxin cleavage by streptococcal cystein protease. In Infect Immun 63 2776-2779. 

Fig. 1. Streptococcal SAg family tree. The tree was created using Clustal W and TreeViewPPC version 1.5.3 and is based on primary amino acid sequence homology of the mature toxins. 

Yet another novel SAg was reported by Kamezawa et al. [34] and named streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z (SMEZ). This toxin was purified from an S. pyogenes serotype Ml/Tl strain and showed a unique TCR binding specificity targeting mainly V(34 and V(38 regions. An allelic variant of this toxin... 

Fast DJ, Schlievert PM, Nelson RD Toxic shock syndrome-associated staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor production. Infect Immun 1989 57 291-294. 

Watson D Host-parasite factors in group A streptococcal infections. Pyrogenic and other effects of immunologic distinct exotoxins related to scarlet fever toxins. J Exp Med 1960 111 255—284. 

Weeks OR, Ferretti JJ Nucleotide sequence of the type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) gene from Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage T12. Infect Immun 1986 52 144-150. 

Kreiswirth B, Handley J, Schlievert P, Novick R Cloning and expression of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A and staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Gen Genet 1987 208 84-87. 

Imanishi K, Igarashi H, UchiyamaT Activation of murine T cells by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type A. Requirement for MHC class II molecules on accessory cells and identification ofV beta elements in T cell receptor of toxin-reactive T cells. J Immunol 1990 145 3170-3176. 

Gerlach D, Knoll H, Kohler W, Ozegowski J, Hribalova V Isolation and characterization of erythrogenic toxins. 5. Communication identity of erythrogenic toxin type B and streptococcal proteinase precursor. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1983 255 221-233. 

Abe J, Forrester J, Nakahara T, Lafferty J, Kotzin B, Leung D Selective stimulation of human T cells with streptococcal erythrogenic toxins A and B. J Immunol 1991 146 3747-3750. 

Braun MA, Gerlach D, Hartwig UF, Ozegowski JH, Romagne F, Carrel S, Kohler W, Fleischer B Stimulation of human T cells by streptococcal superantigen erythrogenic toxins (scarlet fever toxins). J Immunol 1993 150 2457-2466. 

Gerlach D, Reichardt W, Fleischer B, Schmidt K Separation of mitogenic and pyrogenic activities from so-called erythrogenic toxin type B (Streptococcal proteinase). Zentralbl Bakteriol 1994 280 507-514. 

Kamezawa Y, Nakahara T, Nakano S, Abe Y, Nozaki-Renard J, Isono T Streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z, a novel acidic superantigenic toxin produced by a T1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Infect Immun 1997 65 3828-3833. 

Hartwig U, Gerlach D, Fleischer B Major histocompatibility complex class II binding site for streptococcal pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin A. Med Microbiol Immunol 1994 183 257-264. Hudson KR, Tiedemann RE, Urban RG, Lowe SC, Strominger JL, Fraser JD Staphylococcal enterotoxin A has two cooperative binding sites on major histocompatibility complex class II. J Exp Med 1995 182 711-720. 

YuCE, Ferretti JJ Molecular epidemiologic analysis of the type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) gene (speA) in clinical Streptococcus pyogenes strains. Infect Immun 1989 57 3715-3719. Hauser A, Stevens D, Kaplan E, Schlievert P Molecular analysis of pyrogenic exotoxins from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates associated with toxic shock-like syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1991 29 1562-1567. 

Reichardt W, Muller-Alouf H, Alouf J, Kohler W Erythrogenic toxins A, B, and C occurrence of the genes and exotoxin formation from clinical Streptococcus pyogenes strains associated with streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992 79 313-322. 

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