Toxicology Sensitization

Properties Dk. yel. to brn. vise. liq. or semisolid woody rooty dry sweet amber costus odor Toxicology Sensitizing potential Uses Natural flavoring agent in foods fragrance in perfumes Regulatory FDA 21CFR 172.510... 

Toxicology Sensitizing potential Uses Natural flavoring agent in foods, beverages, tobacco fragrance in perfumes... 

Toxicology Sensitizer possible mutagen TSCA listed... 

As indicated in Section 1.1, manufacturers must have enough data available to assure cosmetic product safety under the normal conditions of use. Data can be obtained either specifically on the finished products or be deduced from the properties of their ingredients. Moreover, data can be obtained through different studies (toxicology, sensitivity, allergic reactions, etc.), some of which are commented in Section 9.1. Sometimes, surveillance of cosmetics in use can be requested to detect possible side effects. 

Attempts to broaden the range of materials available as dye precursors have been made (34,35). Oxidative dyes based on pyridine derivatives produce less sensitization than those based on benzene derivatives (36) however, they lack tinctorial power, lightfastness, and availabihty. Derivatives of tetra am in opyrim i din e are claimed to act as primary intermediates to give intense shades with good fastness and excellent toxicological properties (37). 

Other toxicological effects that may be associated with exposure to benzyl chloride based on animal studies are skin sensitization and developmental embryo and/or fetal toxicity. A 1980 OSHA regulation has estabhshed a national occupational exposure limit for benzyl chloride of 5 mg/m (1 ppm). Concentrations of 160 mg/m (32 ppm) in air cause severe irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract (68). 

Neady every significant class of dyes and pigments has some members that function as sensitizers. Toxicological data are often included in surveys of dyes (84), reviews of toxic substance identification programs (85), and in material safety data sheets provided by manufacturers of dyes. More specific data about toxicological properties of sensitizing dyes are contained in the Engchpedia under the specific dye classes (see Cyanine dyes Polymethine dyes Xanthene dyes). 

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50, plus a wide range of in vitro and in vivo techniques for assessment of skin and eye indtation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc. 

GC/MS has been employed by Demeter et al. (1978) to quantitatively detect low-ppb levels of a- and P-endosulfan in human serum, urine, and liver. This technique could not separate a- and P-isomers, and limited sensitivity confined its use to toxicological analysis following exposures to high levels of endosulfan. More recently, Le Bel and Williams (1986) and Williams et al. (1988) employed GC/MS to confirm qualitatively the presence of a-endosulfan in adipose tissue previously analyzed quantitatively by GC/ECD. These studies indicate that GC/MS is not as sensitive as GC/ECD. Mariani et al. (1995) have used GC in conjunction with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry to determine alpha- and beta-endosulfan in plasma and brain samples with limits of detection reported to be 5 ppb in each matrix. Details of commonly used analytical methods for several types of biological media are presented in Table 6-1. 

Powell, W.R., Bright, S., and Bello, S.M. (2000). Developmental and tissue-specific expression of AHRl, AHR2, and ARNT2 in dioxin-sensitive and -resistant populations of the marine fish—Fundulus heteroclitus. Toxicological Sciences 57, 229-239. 

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