Toxicity uptake and

Hansen, D.J., Parrish, P.R., and Lowe, J. et al. (1971). Chronic toxicity, uptake, and retention of Aroclor-1254 in 2 estuarine fishes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 6, 113-119. 

Kumada, H., S. Kimura, and M. Yokote, and Y. Matida. 1973. Acute and chronic toxicity, uptake and retention of cadmium in freshwater organisms. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. (Tokyo) 22 157-165. 

Modified from Zakour, H.R. 1980. Toxicity, Uptake and Metabolism of the /V-methyl-carbamate Pesticide Carbofuran by the Freshwater Bivalve Mollusc Glebula rotundata (Lamarck). Ph.D. Thesis, Rice University, Houston. 148 pp. 

Sancho, E., M.D. Ferrando, E. Andreu, and M. Gamon. 1992a. Acute toxicity, uptake and clearance of diazinon by the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.). Jour. Environ. Sci. Health B27 209-221. 

Schimmel, S.C., J.M. Patrick, Jr., and L.F. Fass. 1978. Effects of sodium pentachlorophenate on several estuarine animals toxicity, uptake, and depuration. Pages 147-155 in K.R. Rao (ed.). Pentachlorophenol Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. Plenum Press, New York. 

Richardson. G.M., Qadri, S.U., and Jessiman, B. Acute toxicity, uptake, and clearance of aminocarb by the aquatic isopod, Caecidolea racovitzairacovitzai, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, 7(6) 552-557, 1983. 

Fletcher GG, Rossetto FE, Turnbull JD, et al. 1994. Toxicity, uptake, and mutagenicity of particulate and soluble nickel compounds. Environ Health Perspect 102(suppl 3) 69-79. 

Thompson, J.A.J., J.C. Davis, and R.E. Drew. 1976. Toxicity, uptake and survey studies of boron in the marine environment. Water Res. 10 869-875. 

Lead TBA assessment of toxicity, uptake and depuration of lead in fish and invertebrate species. F,F,I,I (Oladimeji and Offem, 1989)... 

Call, D.J., Brooke, L.T., Kent, R.J., Knuth, M.L., Poirier, S.H., Huot, J.M., Lima, A.R. (1987) Bromacil and diuron herbicides Toxicity, uptake, and elimination in freshwater fish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16, 607-613. 

Cell viability assays can be profoundly influenced by the exposure medium. Usually less cytotoxicity is observed when the basal medium is supplemented with serum, such as FBS. This is true not only for heavy metals but also for organic ecotoxicants184. Although the basis of this protective action likely depends to a degree on the specific toxicant, three general mechanisms to be considered are toxicant availability, toxicant uptake and the protective molecules of serum. For fluoranthene, FBS altered its distribution within the cell cultures and its availability to the cells175. 

TOXICITY uptake and depuration by Oysters Crassostrea virginica) from oil treated enclosure half-life for depuration 5 days Neanthes arenaceodentata 96 hr TLm in seawater 22°C 0.5 ppm (initial concentration in static assay)... 

Biorational approaches have proven useful in the development of classes of herbicides which inhibit essential metaboHc pathways common to all plants and thus are specific to plants and have low toxicity to mammalian species. Biorational herbicide development remains a high risk endeavor since promising high activities observed in the laboratory may be nullified by factors such as limitations in plant uptake and translocation, and the instabiHty or inactivity of biochemical en2yme inhibitors under the harsher environmental conditions in the field. Despite these recogni2ed drawbacks, biorational design of herbicides has shown sufficient potential to make the study of herbicide modes of action an important and growing research area. 

Disadvantages associated with some organic solvents include toxicity flammabiHty and explosion ha2ards sensitivity to moisture uptake, possibly leading to subsequent undesirable reactions with solutes low electrical conductivity relatively high cost and limited solubiHty of many solutes. In addition, the electrolyte system can degrade under the influence of an electric field, yielding undesirable materials such as polymers, chars, and products that interfere with deposition of the metal or alloy. 

Species Tested. In addition to the variation in susceptibiUty to chemically induced toxicity among members within a given population, there may be marked differences between species with respect to the relative potency of a given material to produce toxic injury. These species differences may reflect variations in physiological and biochemical systems, differences in distribution and metaboHsm, and differences in uptake and excretory capacity. 

Parent substances and metaboHtes may be stored in tissues, such as fat, from which they continue to be released following cessation of exposure to the parent material. In this way, potentially toxic levels of a material or metaboHte may be maintained in the body. However, the relationship between uptake and release, and the quantitative aspects of partitioning, may be complex and vary between different materials. For example, volatile lipophilic materials are generally more rapidly cleared than nonvolatile substances, and the half-Hves may differ by orders of magnitude. This is exemplified by comparing halothane and DDT (see Anesthetics Insectcontholtechnology). 

Cellular defense mechanisms against toxins (A multistep mechanism for elimination of toxic metabolites and xenobiotics. It involves various transport, oxidation, and conjugation steps.) are usually divided into several steps as it is visualized on Fig. 3. Organic anion transporting proteins (OATPs) are responsible for the cellular uptake of endogenous compounds and... 

Plants may be affected by indirect modifications of the environment. Soil acidification, for example, can cause the leaching of nutrients, and the release of toxic aluminum. These effects may operate together to produce nutrient deficiencies or imbalances to plants. High soil concentrations of aluminum may prevent uptake and utilization of nutrients by plants.Increased availability of aluminum in soils has been implicated as a cause of forest declines in both Europe and the United States, possibly through the toxic effects on small feeder roots 14),... 

The adverse side-effects of the TCAs, coupled with their toxicity in overdose, provoked a search for compounds which retained their monoamine uptake blocking activity but which lacked the side-effects arising from interactions with Hj, aj-adreno-ceptors and muscarinic receptors. One of the first compounds to emerge from this effort was iprindole, which has an indole nucleus (Fig. 20.3). This turned out to be an interesting compound because it has no apparent effects on monoamine uptake and is not a MAO inhibitor. This, together with its relatively minor antimuscarinic effects, led to it commonly being described as an atypical antidepressant. Mechanisms that could underlie its therapeutic actions have still not been identified but, in any case, this drug has now been withdrawn in the UK. 

Wren CD, Hunter DB, Leatherland JF, Stokes PM. 1987b. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and methylmercury, singly and in combination, on mink. I. Uptake and toxic responses. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16 441 47. 

In addition to the well-characterized role of iron in catalysing redox interactions, other metallic contaminants, for example, nickel, may also contribute. In vivo toxicity studies have demonstrated the capacity of nickel particulate compounds to induce tumours following intraperitoneal injection (Pott etal., 1987). Such activity is proportional to their phagocytic uptake, and to the associated respiratory burst and generation of PMN-derived reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), a proposed pathogenic mechanism (Evans et al., 1992a). 

D. A. Wilkins, The influence of sheathing (ecto-) niycorrhizas of trees on the uptake and toxicity of metals. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 35 245 (1991). 

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