Pesticides carbofuran

Modified from Zakour, H.R. 1980. Toxicity, Uptake and Metabolism of the /V-methyl-carbamate Pesticide Carbofuran by the Freshwater Bivalve Mollusc Glebula rotundata (Lamarck). Ph.D. Thesis, Rice University, Houston. 148 pp. 

Kar, S. and P.K. Singh. 1978. Effect of pH, light intensity and population on the toxicity of the pesticide carbofuran to the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. Microbios 21 177-184. 

Rawlings, N.C., S.J. Cook, and D. Waldbillig. 1998. Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, triallate, trifluralin, 2,4-D, and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 54A 21-36. 

Bachman, J. and Patterson, H.H. Photodecomposition of the carbamate pesticide carbofuran kinetics and the influence of dissolved organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol, 33(6) 874-881, 1999. 

A photometric flow-through sensor for the determination of carbamate pesticides (carbofuran, propoxur and carbaryl) based on similar principles as regards the detector and sensor used (a diode array spectrophotometer and a flow-cell packed with C,g resin, respectively) was employed to monitor the formation of the products resulting from hydrolysis of the analytes and online coupling of the respective phenols with diazotized sulphanilic acid. This... 

A series of multielectrode sensors were developed based on Drosophila mutant AChE immobilised via photocrosslinking onto screen-printed carbon electrodes [8]. Four different mutant and wild-type AChE were evaluated for their sensitivity to the organophosphate paraoxon and the carbamate pesticide carbofuran. The response of the electrodes in thiocholine before and following a 15-min exposure to solutions of the pesticides was compared. The data was then processed using a feed-forward neural network generated with NEMO 1.15.02 as previously described [8,9]. Networks with the smallest errors were selected and further refined. This approach together with varying the AChE led to the construction of a sensor with capability to analyse the binary pesticide mixtures. 

Abad, A., M.J. Moreno, and A. Montoya. 1999. Development of monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays to the JV-methylcarbamate pesticide carbofuran. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 2475-2485. 

Figure 4 Gamma-Radiolytic degradation ofa pesticide carbofuran at200 pmol T and the synergistic effect ofa metal oxide (TiO ). LeftJ carbofuran in deaerated atmosphere and in the absence of catalyst. Right carbofuran in oxygenated atmosphere and in the presence of 7102- In the latter system the dose necessary to decompose 200 pmol carbofuran decreased by an order of magnitude.

The term inhibitor used in this paragraph is referred to the carbamic pesticide Carbofuran. A stock solution of Carbo-furan 10"3 M in acetonitrile was prepared working solutions were prepared daily by diluting it in the measuring buffer. To evaluate the pesticide inhibition effect, 10 pL of carbofuran (diluted solution) were added to 500 pL of the buffer containing AChE to get the concentration range 10 n-10 6 M. 

With an incubation time of one minute, the pesticide carbofuran caused a detectable inactivation of the enzyme at a concentration of the pesticide of 0.5 pg/1 in 1 ml of a water sample without enrichment. Further investigations and improvements to increase sensitivity are in progress. 

Rawling.s, N. C.. Cook. S. J, and Waldhillig, D. (1998). Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chloipyrifos, dimeihoate, lindane, trillaie, irifluran, 2,4-D and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endtrerine and reproductive endocrine sy.stein in ewes. J. Toxk ol. Environ. Health A 54, 21-36,... 

Most of the CMs are phenyl A -methyl esters of car-bamic acid. On hydroly.sis or metabolism, CMs produce phenols. Phenols are polar compounds and thus have to be alkylated before GC determination with either ECD or NPD. HPLC analysis combined with the appropriate detector appears to be the better choice. Aprea et al. (2002) reviewed various methods for unchanged CMs in blood and urine, as well methods for specific CM metabolites, such as benomyl metabolites earbcndazlm and methyl-5-hydroxy-2-benzaimidazolecarbamate 1-napthoI 2-isopropoxyphenoI (metabolite of propoxur) and carbo-furan phenol, which is a metabolite of several pesticides (carbofuran, benfuracarb, carbosulfan, and furathiocarb). 

The effects of coeluting carbamate pesticides carbofuran, propoxur and pirimi-carb combined with ion formation suppression under TSP-LC-MS conditions were discussed applying multivariate curve resolution and ranking analysis [251]. 

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