Toxicity phototoxicity

Solubility pH-profile Micronucleus test Organ-specific toxicity Phototoxicity... 

All these factors establish 700-800 nm as the optimal wavelength absorptions for efficient photosensitizers. Besides the properties previously discussed, the preferential tumor localization, dark toxicity, phototoxicity, stability and solubility in appropriate injectable solvents are other important factors to be considered in developing an effective PDT agent. 

Safety/Toxicity Acute oral toxicity,phototoxicity ... 

Safety/Toxicity Acute and chronic toxicity, cytotoxicity, estrogenicity, eye irritation tests, toxicity to insects, mutagenicity, oral toxicity, phototoxicity, teratogenicity, topical toxicity ... 

Numerous recent references have been provided on various synthetic methods, major applications and safety/toxicity data. Space and format limitations prevent giving all the references for each indicator. This is the first book that provides safety/toxicity data with reference to acute toxicity, aquatic toxicity, carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, ecotoxicity, genotoxicity, hanotoxicity, hepatotoxic-ity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, oral toxicity, phototoxicity, and phytotoxicity, and so forth. 

Industrial Applications Electrochromic devices optical sensors photovoltaic cells solar cells Safety/Toxicity Phototoxicity ... 

Industrial Applications Light emitting diodes " Safety/Toxicity Cellular toxicity phototoxicity "... 

Safety/Toxicity Acute toxicity chronic toxicity cytotoxicity " genotoxicity insect toxicity microbial toxicity mutagenicity oral toxicity photodynamic toxicity phototoxicity teratogenicity yeast toxicity ... 

Safety/Toxicity C54otoxicity genotoxicity membrane toxicity neurotoxicity ophthalmic toxicity phototoxicity pulmonary toxicity skin toxicity " ... 

Industrial Applications Colored bubbles - color filters liquid crystal displays light-emitting diodes luminescent materials " nanophotonic composites paints semiconductor electrodes solar cells Safety/Toxicity Acute toxicity aluminum toxicity cardiotoxicity cellular toxicity C5dotoxicity metabolic toxicity mitochondrial toxicity mutagenicity nephrotoxicity neurotoxicity ocular toxicity phototoxicity reproductive toxicity ... 

A number of quinolones had to be taken off the market due to toxic effects on the liver, heart, or other organs, that became recognized only after marketing (e.g. temafloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin). A risk for severe cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, or phototoxicity is... 

Minocycline Tablets, capsules 50, 75, 1 00 mg 50 mg twice daily or 100 mg once daily Maintenance dose 50 mg daily Gl upset, phototoxicity, drug and food interactions, vestibular toxicity, skin discoloration... 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 1134-1135.) Hematologic toxicity is by far the most important adverse effect of chloramphenicol The toxicity consists of two types (1) bone marrow depression (common) and (2) aplastic anemia (rare) Chloramphenicol can produce a potentially fatal toxic reaction, the gray baby syndrome, caused by diminished ability of neonates to conjugate chloramphenicol with resultant high serum concentrations. Tetracyclines produce staining of the teeth and phototoxicity... 

Kosian, P.A., E.A. Makynen, P.D. Monson, D.R. Mount, A. Spacie, O.G. Mekenyan, and G.T. Ankley. 1998. Application of toxicity-based fractionation techniques and structure-activity relationship models for the identification of phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment pore water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1021-1033. 

The widely used diuretic frusemide (165a) is a good photosensitizer in vitro. Its phototoxicity may arise from ready free-radical formation [ 104] or could be a consequence of the production of toxic photodegradation products [105]. In burette administration sets, frusemide was shown to be decomposed by direct sunlight, but not by diffuse daylight or fluorescent light [ 106]. 

It was conclusively shown that deoxychlordiazepoxide (393) had none of the phototoxic properties of the parent drug, at least in the rat [225]. Chlordiazepoxide, demethylchlordiazepoxide, demoxepam and diazepam-4-oxide were all phototoxic to a bacterial cell preparation. There was a close relationship between the phototoxicities of the A-oxides and the toxicity in the dark of their oxaziridines. The reduced forms of the four compounds were not phototoxic [ 228 ]. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the oxaziridine (390) covalently bonds to plasma proteins. The half-life of the oxaziridine in the presence of high concentrations of protein was about 30 min. It therefore has time not only to bind to biomolecules in the skin surface, but also to attack internal organs. This was put forward as the explanation of previously observed kidney and liver damage in the rat [229]. 

One of the first compounds reported to inhibit 5-LO was the NSAID benox-aprofen (167) (reviewed in [405]). This drug (marketed by Lilly as Oraflex ) was effective in rheumatoid arthritis, but was withdrawn because of phototoxicity, liver toxicity and reports of drug-related deaths [406]. The typical NSAID anti-inflammatory profile of this compound was remarkable for its very weak seminal vesicle CO activity [407]. Additional in vivo activities were found for benoxaprofen which were not shared by other NSAIDs, particularly inhibition of leukocyte influx in the carrageenan sponge, carrageenan pleurisy, and rat Arthus pleurisy models monocytes were affected more than neutrophils [408-411]. More recently, benoxaprofen was reported to inhibit the adhesion of monocytes to endothelium [412]. 

Only a limited number of reliable prediction tools are currently available for photoinduced toxicity. This is not surprising since establishing phototoxic potential is a complex task. Phototoxicity can be the consequence of various mechanisms such as photogeneration of reactive oxygen species, production of toxic photoproducts or sensitization of DNA damage by energy transfer. In addition, so far, there are no available universal descriptors (indicators) to predict the photodynamic potency of chemicals. 

---