Applications electrochromic devices

Preparation of a Gel Electrolyte for a Hybrid Electrochromic Device Application... 

Schwendeman, L, C.L. Gaupp, J.M. Hancock, L. Groenendaal, and J.R. Reynolds. 2003. Perfluor-oalkanoate-substituted PEDOT for electrochromic device applications. Adv Funct Mater 13 (7) 541-547. 

Thakur VK, Ding G, Ma J, Lee PS, Lu X. Hybrid materials and polymer electrolytes for electrochromic device applications. Adv Mater 2012 24 4071-4096. 

Conducting polymers have found applications in a wide variety of areas,44 45 and many more have been proposed. From an electrochemical perspective, the most important applications46 appear to be in batteries and supercapacitors 47,48 electroanalysis and sensors49-51 electrocatalysis,12,1, 52 display and electrochromic devices,46 and electromechanical actuators.53... 

At present, intercalation compounds are used widely in various electrochemical devices (batteries, fuel cells, electrochromic devices, etc.). At the same time, many fundamental problems in this field do not yet have an explanation (e.g., the influence of ion solvation, the influence of defects in the host structure and/or in the host stoichiometry on the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of intercalation compounds). Optimization of the host stoichiometry of high-voltage intercalation compounds into oxide host materials is of prime importance for their practical application. Intercalation processes into organic polymer host materials are discussed in Chapter 26. 

Electrolytes for Electrochromic Devices Liquids are generally used as electrolytes in electrochemical research, but they are not well suited for practical devices (such as electrochromic displays, fuel cells, etc.) because of problems with evaporation and leakage. For this reason, solid electrolytes with single-ion conductivity are commonly used (e.g., Nafion membranes with proton conductivity. In contrast to fuel cells in electrochromic devices, current densities are much lower, so for the latter application, a high conductivity value is not a necessary requirement for the electrolyte. 

Bohnke, O., Applications of proton condnctors in electrochromic devices, in Proton Conductors Solids, Membranes and Gels—Materials and Devices, P. Colomban, Ed., Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992. 

The discussion of Brouwer diagrams in this and the previous chapter make it clear that nonstoichiometric solids have an ionic and electronic component to the defect structure. In many solids one or the other of these dominates conductivity, so that materials can be loosely classified as insulators and ionic conductors or semiconductors with electronic conductivity. However, from a device point of view, especially for applications in fuel cells, batteries, electrochromic devices, and membranes for gas separation or hydrocarbon oxidation, there is considerable interest in materials in which the ionic and electronic contributions to the total conductivity are roughly equal. 

Sheng, K. Bai, H. Sun, Y. Li, C. Shi, G., Layer-by-layer assembly of graphene/polyaniline multilayer films and their application for electrochromic devices. Polymer 2011. 

The LbL strategy to chemically modify electrodes with redox polyelectrolyte films has become an important tool for the fabrication of devices and electrodes with important future applications in biosensors, electrochromic devices, electrocatalysts, corrosion-resistant coatings, and so on. 

Chapter 6 takes the much studied supramolecular dye-sensitized TiC>2 as an example of an operational supramolecular interfacial device. The fundamental operation of these devices are discussed, including their mechanism of operation. The application of modified semiconductor surfaces as electrochromic devices is also considered. 

The fact that electrochemistry can be observed at nanocrystalline IT0/Ti02 surfaces opens the way for their potential applications inelectrochromic devices and as electrocatalysts, and also may lead to the development of novel sensing devices. In the following section, an approach to the development of an electrochromic device based on a modified nanocrystalline TiC>2 system will be discussed. 

It is somewhat surprising that electrochromic devices have also been reported. TiC>2 is not electroactive at potentials where the molecular components are. However, electron transport to the underlying ITO surface through an electron-hopping process drives the electrochemical process. A very fast electrochromic device has been developed, further suggesting considerable potential of these assemblies for commercial applications. 

Since mesoporous materials contain pores from 2 nm upwards, these materials are not restricted to the catalysis of small molecules only, as is the case for zeolites. Therefore, mesoporous materials have great potential in catalytic/separation technology applications in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The first mesoporous materials were pure silicates and aluminosilicates. More recently, the addition of key metallic or molecular species into or onto the siliceous mesoporous framework, and the synthesis of various other mesoporous transition metal oxide materials, has extended their applications to very diverse areas of technology. Potential uses for mesoporous smart materials in sensors, solar cells, nanoelectrodes, optical devices, batteries, fuel cells and electrochromic devices, amongst other applications, have been suggested in the literature.11 51... 

The potential benefits of using ionic liquids as electrolytes in conducting polymer devices have been investigated by a number of authors in recent years, for applications such as actuators [8-17], supercapacitors [18-20], electrochromic devices [12, 21] and solar cells [22], with significant improvements in lifetimes and device performance reported. 

Conducting polymers have been extensively investigated due to their potential applications in supercapacitors, sensors, batteries, electrochromic devices and light... 

Ionic conductors have many practical applications. For example, solid ion conductors are used as solid electrolytes and electrode materials in -> batteries, fuel cells, - electrochromic devices and - gas sensors. 

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