Membrane toxicities

Sikkema 1, JAM de Bout, B Poolman (1995) Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiol Rev 59 201-222. 

Schweigert, N., Flunziker, R. W., Escher, B. I. and Eggen, R. I. L. (2001). The acute toxicity of (chloro-)catechols and (chloro-)catechol-copper combinations in Escherichia coli corresponds to their membrane toxicity in vitro, Environ. Toxicol. 

Membranes separate cells from their external environment, and the internal components of cells from each other. Many biochemical processes taking place within cells occur on a framework of membranes. Toxicant interactions with membranes figure prominently in many types of toxic effect. 

Pesticides derived from natural sources include nicotine, rotenone, and pyrethrum. Nicotine is obtained from the dried leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and N rustica. It is rapidly absorbed from mucosal surfaces the free alkaloid, but not the salt, is readily absorbed from the skin. Nicotine reacts with the acetylcholine receptor of the postsynaptic membrane (sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, neuromuscular junction), resulting in depolarization of the membrane. Toxic doses cause stimulation rapidly followed by blockade of transmission. These actions are described in Chapter 7. Treatment is directed toward maintenance of vital signs and suppression of convulsions. 

When is the n-octanol-water partition constant an acceptable parameter for the quantification of nonspecific membrane toxicity In what situations does it fail ... 

Highly corrosive and irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes toxic also to central nervous system, liver, blood, and kidneys.3 Convulsant poison.1 An animal carcinogen angiosarcomas and tumors in the lungs, kidneys, and livers of mice have been observed.3 Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.4 TLV-TWA 0.01 ppm (skin).5... 

Toxicity and health effects Exposure to vapor of methyl alcohol causes irritation to the mucous membranes. Toxic effects are exerted upon the nervous system, particularly the optic nerve. Once absorbed into the body, it is very slowly eliminated. Symptoms of overexposure include but are not limited to headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, blindness, drunkenness, insomnia, abdominal pains, coma, and death. Oral ingestion of large amounts of methyl alcohol has caused nausea, giddiness, and loss of consciousness in humans. ... 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion and inhalation, and a poisonous irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Toxicity is based on HCl which is formed upon hydrolysis of a chlorosUane. Self-ignites in air. With a little ammonia, it forms a self-igniting product. They react with water or steam to produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes of HCl. When heated to decomposition they emit highly toxic fumes of Cl". 

Eldefrawi ME, Mansour N, Eldefrawi A. 1977. Interactions of acetylcholine receptors with organic mercury compounds Membrane toxicity. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Rochester International Conference on Environmental Toxicity. Adv Exp Med Biol 84 449-463. 

Hazard Corrosive to skin and mucous membranes toxic strong eye irritant. Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Reacts violently with water and alcohol. Use Organic preparations (acetylating agent) dyestuffs pharmaceuticals. 

Hazard Strong irritant to tissue, eyes, and mucous membranes toxic by ingestion and skin contact. TLV ceiling 1 ppm. 

Liquid, bp 46.5°C. Pure gas reputedly has a pleasant odour but industrial preparations smell foul. Solvent used in rubber and rayon industries. Explosive poisonous by all routes. Acute toxicity - euphoria, restlessness, mucous membrane toxicity, nausea, vomiting, convulsions. Chronic exposure psychosis, tremor, polyneuropathy lower limb weakness and parasthesiae. Dermal contact may cause burning sensation, erythema and exfoliation. 

Iodine heptafiuoride is highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Toxicity data on this compound are not available. 

Hypochlorites are an irritant to skin. Acnte oral toxicity is low for the calcinm salt. The oral LD50 value in rats is 850 mg/kg. Ingestion of sodinm hypochlorite may canse gastric perforation and corrosion of mncons membranes. Toxicity of metal hypochlorites is attribnted to the toxicity of the metal cations present in the salts. 

Moderately toxic by inhalation and ingestion irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes toxicity data not available DOT Label Poison, UN 2335... 

Heavy Metal and Dye Removal Membranes Toxicities of water sources due to the heavy metal disposal are a worldwide environmental problem. The major sources... 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 191 mg/kg, (dermal, rabbit) 983 mg/kg corrosive to eyes, skin, mucous membranes toxic, corrosive by ing. causes burns may be absorbed thru skin in sufficient amount to cause systemic toxicity inh. may cause sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, nasal irritation Environmental LC50 (zebra fish, 48 h) 0.32 mg/l toxic to aquatic organisms marine pollutant biodeg. 

Detergents Solubilisation and/or organisation of barrier lipids and natural moisturising factors in the stratum corneum protein denaturation membrane toxicity... 

Organic solvents Solubilisation of barrier lipids membrane toxicity... 

Di Pasqua, R., Betts, G., Hoskins, N., Edwards, M., Ercolini, D., and Mauriello, G. 2007. Membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 55 4863 870. 

Kldcking, H P., Schlegelmilch, U. and Kldcking, R., 1994, Assessment of membrane toxicity using arachidonic acid release in U937 cells. Toxic. In Vitro 8 775. 

This prompted us to study the pH]-arachidonic acid release test (pH]-AART) (KIdcking et al., 1994b) which is highly sensitive to membrane-toxic agents for its suitability to replace the EIT according to Draize. 

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