Systemic, toxic effects

The inorganic tin compound that has received the most study from a toxicological viewpoint is stannic oxide. Autopsies performed on workers in the tin mining and refining industry, who inhaled tin oxide dust for as long as 20 yr, disclosed no pulmonary fibrosis (57). Inhalation for long periods produces a benign, symptomless pneumoconiosis with no toxic systemic effects (58). 

As an oral rinsing agent, to date chlorhexidine has not been reported to produce any toxic systemic effects. Since chlorhexidine is poorly absorbed in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, little if any enters the bloodstream. A summary of chlorhexidine oral rinses is given in Table 42.1. 

The eye is not, of course, a general route for the administration of drugs to the body, although it has been explored for the systemic delivery of peptides and proteins such as insulin. It is considered here because absorption of drugs does occur from medication applied to the eye, producing sometimes toxic systemic effects, although often the desired local effect is on the eye or its component... 

Local versus systemic toxicity Local effects refer to those that occur at the site of first contact between the biological system and the toxicant systemic effects are those that are elicited after... 

Local anaesthetics are included in haemorrhoidal preparations to relieve pain, burning and itching. Use should be restricted to the perianal region and lower anal canal they should not be used in the rectum as there is little sensory tissue there and the anaesthetic can be readily absorbed through the rectal mucosa to cause potentially toxic systemic effects. Local anaesthetics are also absorbed through damaged skin. 

Phenyldi- chloroarsine, Liquid Full protective clothing, gas mask or self contained breathing apparatus. Remove victim from exposure, give artificial respiration if breathing has ceased. Flush with water. Wash well with soap and water. Compound can be absorbed through skin and cause toxic system effects. Wash with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. 

D. Toxic systemic effects of inhaled caibon monoxide, ( anide, and other systemic poisons. Cyanide is a common product of combustion of plastics, wool, and many other natural and synthetic polymers. 

Toxic systemic effects have been reported for salicylic acid, resorcinol, lindane or mercury substances. These effects are related to the substance, the amount of preparation and the body surface area to which it is applied, the skin conditions and duration of treatment. Symptoms for systemic intoxications are for example headache, nausea and vomiting, convulsions, fall in blood pressure, kidney damage or metabolic acidosis. Apart from salicylic acid the mentioned substances are no longer used because of these systemic adverse effects and the limited therapeutic significance in cutaneous preparations. Especially infants and toddlers are susceptible for systemic adverse effects because their skin is thinner. Additionally, the relative body surface area in relation to body contents in children is larger than in adults. For salicylic acid in infants and toddlers the only indication is psoriasis. It should be used in low concentrations and on a limited body surface area. 

Dihydroxybenzenes (DHBs) are slightly more acutely toxic than phenol (Table 5). Contact with dihydroxybenzene through oral, dermal, or respiratory routes can induce significant systemic exposure. Skin or eye effects have been demonstrated during chronic or accidental professional exposure. No systemic effect has been described in such circumstances. 

Toxicology. The nitroparaffins have minimal effects by way of actual contact. There were neither systemic effects nor irritation in dermal studies in rabbits. Human exposure of a prolonged or often-repeated nature has led to low grade irritation attributable to removal of oil from the skin, an effect produced by most organic solvents. Eye irritation potential of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in rabbits. Other than a transient slight redness and some lachrymation, no effects were noted. The average Draize score was 0.0. The acute oral toxicity, LD q, of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in the rat (Table 8). 

Side Effects and Toxicity. Adverse effects to the tricycHc antidepressants, primarily the result of the actions of these compounds on either the autonomic, cardiovascular, or central nervous systems, are summarized in Table 3. The most serious side effects of the tricycHcs concern the cardiovascular system. Arrhythmias, which are dose-dependent and rarely occur at therapeutic plasma levels, can be life-threatening. In order to prevent adverse effects, as weU as to be certain that the patient has taken enough dmg to be effective, the steady-state semm levels of tricycHc antidepressant dmgs are monitored as a matter of good practice. A comprehensive review of stmcture—activity relationships among the tricycHc antidepressants is available (42). 

In addition to the effect of biological variabihty in group response for a given exposure dose, the magnitude of the dose for any given individual also determines the severity of the toxic injury. In general, the considerations for dose—response relationship with respect to both the proportion of a population responding and the severity of the response are similar for local and systemic effects. However, if metabohc activation is a factor in toxicity, then a saturation level may be reached. 

Solvents acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), toluene, xylene, glycol, ethers, alcohol defats and dries skin some may be absorbed may carry other components through skin high volatility, exposure possible irritation central nervous system depression (e.g. dizziness, loss of coordination) low to high toxicity, longterm effects... 

Health Elazards - Personal Protective Equipment Self-contained breathing apparatus protective clothing if exposed to liquid. Symptoms Following Etqjosure If concentration of gas in hi enough, may cause asphyxiation. No detectable systemic effects, even at 5 % concentration in air. Treatment for Exposure Remove victim to open air. If the is overcome by gas, qjply artificial resuscitation. Toxicity by Inhalation (Threshold Limit Value) Data not available Short-Term Inhalation Limits Data not available Toxicity by Ingestion Not pertinent Late Toxicity None Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Vapors are nonirritating to the eyes and throat. Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics No appreciable hazard. Practically harmless to the skin because it is very volatile and evaporates quickly. May cause some frostbite. Odor Threshold Data not available. 

Almost all systemic effects of methyl parathion are related to the action of this compound on the nervous system or are secondary to this primary action. It is therefore necessary to preface a description of the mechanisms of toxicity of methyl parathion with a brief discussion of the nervous system and neuro-humoral transmitters (excerpted from Lefkowitz et al. 1996). 

Clinical trials (60,61) have shown that TRA can be safely delivered topically using the cervical cap and collagen device. In these studies the TPA was applied as a cream to the sponge, which was then inserted into the vaginal vault. A new device was used daily for up to 4 days. Systemic effects were minimal, and local toxicity was dose-related and acceptable. 

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