Saturation level

At high (50—100 pph) saturation levels, with a near thermoplastic elastomer, a leather-like material results that can be embossed. The paper web used ia pressure-seasitive tape is prepared by latex saturatioa ia order to give it sufficieat internal strength to release without delamiaatioa. 

In addition to the effect of biological variabihty in group response for a given exposure dose, the magnitude of the dose for any given individual also determines the severity of the toxic injury. In general, the considerations for dose—response relationship with respect to both the proportion of a population responding and the severity of the response are similar for local and systemic effects. However, if metabohc activation is a factor in toxicity, then a saturation level may be reached. 

The water removal mechanism is adsorption, which is the mechanism for ad Class 4 drying agents. The capacity of such materials is often shown in the form of adsorption isotherms as depicted in Figures 9a and 9b. The initial adsorption mechanism at low concentrations of water is beheved to occur by monolayer coverage of water on the adsorption sites. As more water is adsorbed, successive layers are added until condensation or capidary action takes place at water saturation levels greater than about 70% relative humidity. At saturation, ad the pores are fided and the total amount of water adsorbed, expressed as a Hquid, represents the pore volume of the adsorbent. 

Superheaters and Reheaters A superheater raises the temperature of the steam generated above the saturation level. An important function is to minimize moisture in the last stages of a turbine to avoid blade erosion. With continued increase of evaporation temperatures and pressures, however, a point is reached at which the available superheat temperature is insufficient to prevent excessive moisture from forming in the low-pressure turbine stages. This condition is resolved by removing the vapor for reheat at constant pressure in the... 

These are auxiliary CTs, and are sometimes necessary to alter the value of the secondary of the main CTs. They help to reduce the saturation level and hence the overloading of the main CTs, particularly during an overload or a fault condition. They are used especially where the instruments to which they are connected are sensitive to overloads. They have to be of wound primary type. So that the main CTs are not overburdened they have a VA load that is as low as possible. Figure 15.20 illustrates the application of such CTs and their selection is made on the following basis ... 

These are employed to detect a fault, rather than measuring the current of a power sysletn or the connected equipment. There is a fundamental difference in the requirement of a measuring and a protective transformer in terms of accuraev. saturation level and VA burden. Unlike a... 

Similarly, gapped iron core reactors as shown in Figure 27.4, in which the iron core content is reduced by providing an air gap or non-magnetic material between the core laminations, also raise the saturation level (the core remaining unsaturated. Figure 27.1 I) to help provide an... 

To illustrate the usefulness of such an algorithm, and the seriousness of the issue of thermal conductivity degradation to the design and operation of PFCs, the algorithm discussed above has been used to construct Fig. 9 [34], which shows the isotherms for a monoblock divertor element in the unirradiated and irradiated state and the "flat plate" divertor element in the irradiated state. In constmcting Fig. 9, the thermal conductivity saturation level of 1 dpa given in Fig. 8 is assumed, and the flat plate and monoblock divertor shown are receiving a steady state flux of... 

The size of the universes of diseourse will depend upon the expeeted range (usually up to the saturation level) of the input variables. Assume for the system about to be eonsidered that e has a range of 6 and ce a range of 1. 

Hemoglobin saturation level The extent to which the oxygen-bearing ca-... 

According to this approximation, the drift velocity is proportional to the square of the electric field. This is a clear indication of the importance of the electric field inside an electrostatic precipitator. Equation (13.60) is a valid approximation for large particles [dp > 0.5 m), provided that particle charge is close to the saturation level. In the case of small particles, the effect of diffusion charging must be taken into account. 

Figure 5a indicates the effect of the CTAB concentration on the rate constants of the complexes of 38b and 38c. In the case of the water soluble 38b ligand, the rate increases with increasing CTAB concentration up to a saturation level. This type of saturation kinetics is usually interpreted to show the incorporation of a ligand-metal ion complex into a micellar phase from a bulk aqueous phase, and the catalytic activity of the complex is higher in the micellar phase than in the aqueous phase. In the case of lipophilic 38c, a very similar curve as in Fig. 4 is obtained. At a first glance, there appears to be a big difference between these two curves. However, they are rather common in micellar reactions and obey the same reaction mechanism 27). 

Drug elimination may not be first order at high doses due to saturation of the capacity of the elimination processes. When this occurs, a reduction in the slope of the elimination curve is observed since elimination is governed by the relationship Vmax/(Km- -[conc]), where Vmax is the maximal rate of elimination, Km is the concentration at which the process runs at half maximal speed, and [cone] is the concentration of the drug. However, once the concentration falls below saturating levels first-order kinetics prevail. Once the saturating levels of drugs fall to ones eliminated via first-order kinetics, the half time can be measured from the linear portion of the In pt versus time relationship. Most elimination processes can be estimated by a one compartment model. This compartment can... 

The resulting product depends on the precipitation conditions, and in particular, on the over-saturation level of the solution. Formation of ammonium oxyfluorometalate crystalline compounds occurs at a relatively low pH of the solution. From the standpoint of the interactions described in Equation (143), this means that the interaction between NH4F and Me205 (denoted as interaction 1) is stronger than the interaction denoted as interaction 2. In this case, subsequent processes of the hydroxide treatment lead to some defluorination of the product, but the performance of such processes is usually very problematic. Precipitation at high pH values leads to a strong oversaturation of niobium- or tantalum-containing compounds, which in turn... 

Atmospheric Reaeration. Interfacial properties and phenomena that govern oxygen concentrations in river systems include 1) oxygen solubility (temperature, partial pressure and surface dependency), 2) rate of dissolution of oxygen (saturation level, temperature and surface thin film dependency, i.e., ice, wind), and 3) transport of oxygen via mixing and molecular diffusion. A number of field and empirically derived mathematical relationships have been developed to describe these processes and phenomena, the most common of which is (32) ... 

To certify the important role of Ca in the excitatory action of MTX, the effect of MTX on the Ca movements in cardiac muscle was examined at the cellular level. Figure 8 shows the time course of the Ca influx in the presence or absence of MTX (10 g/mL). The Ca uptake in the control experiment increased with time, to reach a saturation level about 5 min after administration of Ca. When MTX (10 g/mL) and Ca were applied simultaneously, the increase in Ca uptake at 5 min was 31% larger than that of the control. Furthermore, when the intracellular Ca concentration of isolated cardiac myocytes was determined from the Quin 2 fluorescence, MTX (10 g/mL) caused a marked increase in the free Ca concentration from 122 9 nM (control) to 380 23 nM, as shown in Figure 9. 

In the Dickinson et al. studies, the results of microelectrode measurements indicated that eimohlement was not caused by elevated levels of dissolved oxidants. Measurements at various heights above the substratum and at numerous sites over the coupon surface showed HjOj concentrations < 2 pM and no significant variation in for the stainless steel microelectrode at any site. DO profiles in the same regions showed saturation levels at all sites. Representative profiles are shown in Fig. 11. 

One such process was developed by the Outokumpu Company in Finland and used in the company s zinc smelter at Kokkola. The gases are scrubbed with concentrated sulfuric acid, whereby mercury is dissolved as mercuric sulfate. After several recycling operations, the mercury concentration reaches saturation level such that crystals of mercuric sulfate form and can be removed. 

Fig. 3.7.6 DDIF spectra and SPRITE MRI images of Berea obtained in different saturation states. (A) The DDIF spectra during cocurrent imbibition at different water saturation (Sw) levels. Note the similar shape of DDIF spectra at different Sw. (B) The DDIF spectra during counter-current imbibition acquired at different water saturation levels. Note the change in the DDIF spectral shape for the different saturation levels. (C, D) A pair of images show 2D longitudinal slices from 3D...

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