Total steam production

This is the same principle as IFGR—the steam dilutes the fuel gas thus reducing both the flame temperature and the localized hot spots. Systems have used up to 8% steam injection (the steam injection rate is 8% of the total steam production from the boiler). 

Approximately 30% of total hydrogen production comes from heavy oil and 20% from coal [6]. Lighter liquid hydrocarbons are - after desulfurization - also converted by steam reforming on nickel catalysts. The downstream treatment of syngas is the same as for natural gas. 

Steam electric power plants using oil or coal as a fuel produce ash as a waste product of combustion. The total ash product is a combination of bottom ash and fly ash. Because the ash... 

The recovery factor is defined as the ratio of additional steam provided by injection to the amount of water injected over the same period of time. Additional steam is the steam produced at the new decline rate (or improvement rate) due to injection minus the steam production calculated at a decline rate without re-injection. The recovery factor defined on the basis of production data may be different from that defined on the basis of geochemical data if considered on a well-by-well basis. However, the combined recovery from all production wells affected by one or more injection wells should agree when applying both methods given sufficient time, since (1) the total amount of boil water should appear as steam in production wells and be reflected in the production data, and (2) the steam originally to be produced from a given well but replaced by injection-derived steam should eventually be produced in other wells. 

Hydrogen is also manufactured industrially by direct electrolysis of H20, HF, and 22% to 25% hydrochloric acid (HC1). However the hydrogen produced by electrolysis only accounts for a small percentage of the total H2 production (see Table 5.7 and Table 5.8). One advantage of electrolysis (compared to steam reforming of hydrocarbons) is that the hydrogen from the electrolysis is very pine (>99 vol %), which eliminates the costly purification steps needed with reforming. 

Ethylene. The largest potential chemical market for n-butane is in steam cracking to ethylene and coproducts. n-Butane is a supplemental feedstock for olefin plants and has accounted for 1-4 percent of total ethylene production for most years since 1970. ft can be used at up to 10-15 percent of the total feed in... 

Chemical in South Korea in 1987.38 39 The process is based on 310 stainless steel, which resists corrosion in 98.5 percent H2S04 at temperatures up to 220°C. The intermediate absorber at Namhae takes 194°C gas from the converter third stage economizer and absorbs the S03 in 199°C, 99 percent acid. Recirculated acid from the absorber is cooled from 220°C in a 10-bar HRS boiler. The added energy recovery for this process is reported to increase the total recovery to 90 percent. Monsanto s proposed Monarch process combines HRS technology with the wet catalytic converter process (Lurgi) to increase heat recovery and shift it to high-pressure steam production for electric power generation.36... 

Most boilers in China are of the stoker type, which consume about one-third of total coal production, at an average efficiency of about 60% with high pollutant emissions. To raise efficiency and to lower pollutant emissions, recent R D efforts have been focused on CFFBs with low steam capacity, possessing the following features ... 

The Synthoil product and the CO-steam product approach true liquids. Synthoil has a relatively high percentage of distillate (64%), and the CO-steam product is 57% distillable. The amount of saturates and aromatics in these materials is 30%, and the total amount which is eluted by column chromatography is 80-90%. 

The quality of caraway fruits used in pharmaceutical and food industry is given one of the main criteria - the essential oil content and D-carvone content, respectively. The amount of caraway processed in the pharmaceutical industry reaches 10 - 15 % of total caraway production (Sedlakova et al., 2001). The minimal limit of the essential oil (30 ml.kg"1 of dried drug) and D-carvone content in the essential oils required by the Czech Pharmacopoeia is 50 % (2006). Also, according to European Pharmacopoeia (6th Ed) caraway fruits contain not less than 30 ml.kg 1 of essential oil in dried drug. The specification in the application for designation of origin (PDO) for Czech caraway requires also minimum of 50 % of D-carvone. The steam distillation at Clavenger apparatus and GC methods are required for the assessment by the several standards. Table 6 describes the essential oil content of Czech caraway varieties. 

The calculated efficiency of the steam system as described here is approximately 75 percent. This value is derived by using the total useful energy of the fuel as the energy input. The heat content of the wood is approximately 1.9 x 109 J/kg (8300 Btu/lb) on a dry basis, which is equivalent to 9.6 x 106 J/kg (4100 Btu/lb) on a wet basis. If the assumption is made that 1.2 x 106 J (500 Btu) is needed to boil off the water in each pound of fuel, the the energy left in the fuel which can be used for steam production is 8.4 x 106 J/kg (3600 Btu/lb). 

A high heating value product gas ( 850 Btu/scf, C02-free) can be produced directly from coal-steam reactions using a single-stage reactor in conjunction with a multiple catalyst. The conversion ( 60%) is carried out at 2 atm and 650°C. The multiple catalyst consists of potassium carbonate and a nickel methanation catalyst. The influence of each catalyst on the coal-steam reactions is combined in the integrated system. Potassium carbonate increases the total gas production and rate while the nickel catalyst hydrocracks the evolved liquids and methanates the carbon oxides. 

A 350 MW(th) HTGR is planned to be connected to 38 high-temperature steam electrolysis units, either one in a cylindrical vessel of 5 m height and 4 m diameter. The electric power required will be 139 MW resulting in a total hydrogen production of 39,000 Nm Ai [48]. 

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