Total internal reflectance fluorescence surface plasmon

An antibody is immobilized on the surface of a waveguide (a quartz, glass, or plastic slide, or a gold- or silver-coated prism), and binding of an antigen is measured directly by total internal reflection fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, or attenuated total reflection. 

Optical devices have also been used as transducers. Laser fiber-optics allows high intensity light to travel a long distance using fibrous size carrier. The stable and intense light beam not only provides calibration stability but also makes all the detecting techniques faster and more sensitive. In addition to the UV-VIS absorbance and fluorescence intensity, measurements of multiple reflections, surface plasmon resonance, and total internal reflection fluorescence had recently been used (12, 13, 14). 

Apart from optical microscopy, there are some other optical techniques which are truly surface sensitive and have found widespread use. Examples are ellipsometry (see Section 9.4.1), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) [316], and surface plasmon resonance techniques [348],... 

Nucleic acid biosensors based on optical modes of detection represent another common approach for generating analytical signals based on nucleic acid hybridization. The methods discussed herein are based on methods that are suitable for the study of materials on surfaces. There are a number of different optical methods that have been described, with the most common being attenuated total reflectance (ATR), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [15]. All of these methods work... 

As a consequence, researchers from different disciplines of the life sciences ask for efficient and sensitive techniques to characterize protein binding to and release from natural and artificial membranes. Native biological membranes are often substituted by artificial lipid bilayers bearing only a limifed number of components and rendering the experiment more simple, which permits the extraction of real quantitative information from binding experiments. Adsorption and desorption are characterized by rate constants that reflect the interaction potential between the protein and the membrane interface. Rate constants of adsorption and desorption can be quantified by means of sensitive optical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR), ellipsometry (ELL), reflection interference spectroscopy (RIfS), and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRE), as well as acoustic/mechanical devices such as the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)... 

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Surface plasmon resonance Quartz crystal microbalance Waveguide interfaometry (Spectroscopic) eUipsometry Fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy (including immunofluorescence, total internal reflection fluorescence)... 

In this chapter, electrochemical properties of ET proteins at electrode interfaces studied by spectroelectrochem-ical techniques are described. In situ spectroelectrochemical techniques at well-defined electrode surfaces are sufficiently selective and sensitive to distinguish not only steady state structures and oxidation states of adsorbed species but also dynamics of reactants, products, and intermediates at electrode surfaces on a monolayer level. The spectroelectrochemical techniques used in studies of ET proteins include IR reflection-absorption, potential-modulated UV-vis reflectance (electroreflectance), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection fluorescence, (TIRE) and absorbance linear dichroism spectroscopies. 

This approach has common features with the well-known total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy that is also a surface-sensitive and surface-specific detection method, but lacks, however, the enormous enhancement of the optical fields that can be obtained at resonant excitation of a surface plasmon wave which is responsible for the substantial sensitivity enhancement in bio-affinity studies. 

The surface plasmon related optical enhancements at resonance are in sharp contrast to the maximum value one might find at the critical angle c for a mere total internal reflection geometry displayed in Figure 3(c). Here, the coherent superposition of the incoming and the outgoing light beam results in an enhancement of a factor of 4 only However, this has been utilized in the past for a surface-specific fluorescence technique, i.e., the total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy (TIRF) ... 

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Micro-flow imaging Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymethylsilsesquioxane Quartz crystal microbalance Random sequential adsorption Surface plasmon resonance Total internal reflection fluorescence X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy... 

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