Total carbon balance

That the carbon mass balance was not perfect in the initial period of Stage 1 may be interpreted as due to the formation of polymeric compounds on the catalyst surface. The formation of C02 and CO in Stage II is considered as a result of decomposition of these products. The consistency for the total carbon balance through Stages I and II suggests that the products on the catalyst surface were completely oxidized to C02 and CO. 

The total carbon balance traces in the top panel reveal interesting transient effects. Addition of water (b -> c or a c) results in periods during which the carbon balance is in excess of the input quantity (2000 ppm). This indicates that a surface species has been reacted to produce carbon dioxide. Peaks in ammonia evolution occur over die same periods and die calcidated N2 concentrations are then strongly negative as expected if the quantities of NH3 (plus N2O) being produced exceed that expected from the NO conversion. Deletion of water (d a) is followed... 

Fig. 11-12 Detrital carbon dynamics for the 0-20 cm layer of chernozem grassland soil. Carbon pools (kg C/ m ) and annual transfers (kg C/m per year) are indicated. Total profile content down to 20 cm is 10.4 kg C/m. (Reproduced with permission from W. H. Schlesinger (1977). Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8,51-81, Annual Reviews, Inc.)...

Obviously, the first measure to think about could be the substitution of recycled fibre-based boxboard for foodstuff by virgin fibre-based material. The required amount of recycled fibre-based boxboard for foodstuff equals to 700,000 t/year in Germany [7]. For the substitution of the recycled fibre-based boxboard, it is simply assumed that the required virgin fibre-based board is produced totally from mechanical spruce pulp with a process yield of 97%. This would require in total additionally about 1.68 Mio m3 wood per year. The inventory study of the carbon balance of the German forests [8] indicates an average yearly wood growth of... 

In addition to knowing the total MTC solubility, it was important to determine the amount of methanol or other solvent retained by the MTC. This quantity, the incorporation ratio (R, gm incorporated organic material/gm coal-derived organic material), was determined by a carbon balance on the reaction. By assuming that any solvent retained in the dried MTC is pyridine-soluble, and subtracting it from the total dissolved material, the minimum solubility of the coal-derived material may be calculated. This quantity, the corrected solubility, is an indicator of the true solubilizing effect on the coal by the particular run conditions. ... 

For radiocarbon, the standard ratio s is provided by the preindustrial atmosphere, for which 8 = 0. Cosmic rays interacting with atmospheric nitrogen were the main source of preindustrial radiocarbon. In the steady state, this source drsource is just large enough to generate an atmospheric delta value equal to zero. The source appears in equation 9 for atmospheric radiocarbon. Its value, specified in subroutine SPECS, I adjust to yield a steady-state atmospheric delta value of 0. The source balances the decay of radiocarbon in the atmosphere and in all of the oceanic reservoirs. Because radiocarbon has an overall source and sink—unlike the phosphorus, total carbon, 13C, and alkalinity in this simulation—the steady-state values of radiocarbon do not depend on the initial values. 

In the total inorganic carbon balance of equation 8.94, we neglected the presence of some species. Table 8.9 shows that this approximation is reasonable although, for accurate calculations, we should also have considered bicarbonates CaHC03 and MgHCO and the soluble carbonate CaCO . Note also that sulfates occur in negligible molar proportions and that carbonate alkalinity coincides with total alkalinity. 

Fine Aerosol Mass Balance. The temporal variations of fine particle mass, total carbon, elemental carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and for a typical summer period (August 4-10, 1979) and... 

Humic substances dominate the intermediate MW (1000-5000) range (G3), which represents 29 of the total organic carbon and thus contributes substantially to the carbon balance. 

It had been observed earlier (J7, J8, 19) that in coals of 80-90% carbon content (on dmf basis) the sum of aromatic and hydroaromatic fractions appears always to be almost constant at 92 2% of the total carbon in coal. The balance of 6-10% could thus be aliphatic carbon. The accuracy of such an estimate obviously would depend upon the accuracy of the aromaticity and hydroaromaticity values. The conclusion that the sum of aromatic and hydroaromatic carbon fractions is nearly constant at the region of 92-93% of the total carbon has also emerged from the recent deductions made by A. F. Gaines (11) and the authors (20) by interpreting infrared and NMR data. 

The conversion of all compounds except pentane and benzene was close to 99% the conversion of pentane was about 98% and of benzene 90-95% during the entire time-on-stream (Figure 3). No partial oxidation products were observed COa was the sole total oxidation product and the carbon balance was within 5%. 

The formation of gas was low. From the carbon balance, only 3% of the total carbon formed gaseous products. The hydrogen consumption was approximately 3100 scf/bbl, of which nearly 80% was consumed in liquid hydrogenation. This preliminary result demonstrated that the flash pyrolysis coal tar derived from a subbituminous coal is amenable to hydrorefining. 

Petroleum, coal and natural gas are globally limited, and they will be exhausted in the future. On the other hand, biomass resources are renewable and can be produced continuously by photosynthesis. Therefore, biomass resources can be utilized as renewable energy without disturbing carbon balance of ecosystem on the earth. The amount of biomass is estimated about 830 billion tons as carbon. It accounts for the total amount of petroleum, coal and natural gas, and 80 times as much as the amount of the energy consumed in a year in the world. 

Quay et al. (1995) reported lower respiration to production ratios (1 to 1.7) in seven Amazon floodplain lakes. These ratios were derived from stable isotope ratios of dissolved oxygen in surface waters where light availability and photosynthesis are often high. The higher ratios calculated by B. R. Forsberg were based on depth-integrated rates and thus more accurately reflect the total pelagic carbon balance. 

The total organic carbon balance for lakes on the central Amazon floodplain can be examined by comparing total inputs due to primary production and external loading with total losses (Table 14.4). The combined input of organic carbon due to primary production, river import and local runoff was estimated at 117.3 Tg C yr. Combined losses due to biogenic gas emission and... 

The overall carbon balance in the Black Creek aquifer implied by hypothesis 3 is shown in Table 11. According to this balance, shell material has contributed 83-87% of the carbon to DIC in the aquifer, compared to 13-17% from organic carbon. Of the total carbon added from shell material and organic carbon, —74% was subsequently removed as calcite cement in the... 

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