Ratio of incorporation

BODIPY 530/550 C3 hydrazide is insoluble in aqueous solution, but may be dissolved in DMF or methanol as a concentrated stock solution prior to addition of a small aliquot to a reaction. Coupling to aldehyde-containing molecules proceeds rapidly with the formation of a hydrazone linkage. The reaction may be done in buffered environments having a pH range of 5-10. However, modification of glycoproteins with this fluorophore may not yield satisfactory results, since BODIPY fluorophores are easily quenched if substitutions on a molecule result in a high molar ratio of incorporation. 

Fig. 12. Polymerization efficiency of the seven Immobiline species as a function of temperature. The percentage incorporation into the matrix is putative, as it is based on the ratio between initial and final absorbancies at 285 nm (disappearance of double bonds). The best convergence (similar reactivity ratios) is only obtained at 50°C. Note that the critical parameter is not so much a 100% incorporation efficiency, but the achievement of a ratio of incorporation between the buffering ion and the titrant as close as possible to unity. (From Righetti et al., 1984a. Reproduced with permission of the publisher.)...

Until now, this kind of chemical modulation of the energy level distribution has been used for the study of gas-solid interactions but not for gas sensing. Another problem is that only relatively high concentrations of chemical dopants can be monitored, usually in the range 0.1% to 1% [17,82]. Under those conditions a very low ratio of incorporated dopant molecules per monomer ring (1 10" or 10 ) in the film has been found. 

When comparing the incorporation rates of labeled thymidine into mt DNA and nuclear DNA of tissues with different growth rates, it was soon evident that the ratio of incorporation into mt DNA/n DNA very critically depended on the rate of nuclear DNA synthesis in the tissue. A high ratio of incorporation (50 or more) was found in nongrowing tissues of an adult organism. But in an actively growing cell population this ratio could be well below 1 (Fig. 3). 

In situ renaturation of homogenates from rat or rabbit brain or spinal cord tissue revealed three major kinase activities. The phosphoproteins at M = 58,000-62,000 and 50,000-52,000 comigrated with the purified CaM kinase isoforms /3, /3, and a, respectively, and were recognized by monoclonal antibodies to the respective subunits by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation (Shackelford and Zivin, 1993). Unlike the CaM kinase isoforms, phosphorylation of the 90,000- to 95,000-dalton kinase did not require Ca and calmodulin. The ratio of incorporation of... 

The specific incorporation rate (or the dilution of the precursor) gives the amount of product formed from the labeled precursor relative to that formed from the pool of endogenous precursor. Thus, for a specific incorporation rate of 0.1 % (or a dilution of 1 1,000), one product molecule in a thousand is formed from the isotopically labeled precursor. The specific incorporation rate is therefore dependent on the ratio of incorporation of endogenous to administered precursor molecules. It is influenced by the absolute rate of synthesis during the experiment only when this ratio is altered. It is easier to determine the specific activity of the product than its absolute amount since only a small portion of the product has to be isolated. 

The ratio d[A ld[E signifies the ratio of incorporation of monomers A and B, which is not necessarily equal to the monomer feed ratio. One of the monomers can be consumed more rapidly than the other, constantly changing the composition of the mixture of monomers, resulting in a continuous shift of the composition of the copolymer formed. This phenomenon is called compositional drift. 

The course of the ratio of incorporation is a function of the monomer feed ratio. This is illustrated in the composition diagram of Fig. 8.1 in which fa is the composition of the monomer mixture ... 

No hypothesis yet proposed is in accord with all the observations which have been reported. To take the case of globin synthesis, Muir et injected labeled glycine and valine into rats and determined the specific activities of the terminal and nonterminal valine in the circulating hemoglobin 12, 24, and 72 hours and 1 and 2 weeks after the injection. The valine in the two sets of loci had the same specific activity. Also the ratio of incorporated glycine to valine remained the same throughout the experimental period. The authors conclusion was that... 

When a 3/1 ratio of EG/PIE was used in the feed for polymerization, 80 yield of a copolymer with a 2/l ratio of incorporation of EG/PIE was observed. 

The same procedure for the polymerization was used except that polyethylene glycol was used instead of EG. The block copolymer was precipitated in diethyl ether instead of in methanol and was thoroughly extracted with water to remove all pyridinium hydrochloride and unreacted polyethylene ycol. Using a 1 5 molar ratio of the polyethylene glycol to PIE, a polymer was obtained which showed a 1 7 ratio of incorporation of polyethylene glycol/PIE by NMR. 

Further experiments using acetic acid labeled in the carboxyl group with and in the methyl group with deuterium showed conclusively that both carbon atoms of acetate participate in cholesterol biosynthesis (Rittenberg and Bloch, 1944,1945). Subsequent experiments by Little and Bloch (1950) carried out with CHg COOH and iscHgi COOH showed that all 27 carbon atoms of cholesterol could be derived from acetate and that the ratio of incorporation of methyl/ carboxyl was 15/12. Separate analysis of nucleus and side chain showed... 

It is not surprising that variations in the ratio of incorporation of the two units of tyrosine were found when the experiments were carried out under different conditions (222). It is evident that several factors in the plant must affect the concentrations of labeled dopamine (CLIII) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (CLIV) derived from the original tyrosine, and whose condensation leads to the benzylisoquinoline structure. 

With cell-free extracts of rabbit reticulocytes, the ratio of Phe/4-fluorophe activation is similar to their ratio of incorporation into protein both incorporations are equally well stimulated by poly-U carrying the codon UUU for Phe. The former observation means that once the transfer into the transfer RNA has occurred, no further discrimination occurs between the analogue and its natural competitor. 

The observed gel points depend on the ratio of incorporated cross-linker to that of the initiator, that is, reactivity of cross-linker and initiation efficiency, as well as on the dispersity of the primary chains (Figure Decreasing the copper... 

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