Toddlers

Immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia caused by the types of pneumococci included in the vaccine Active immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae for infants and toddlers... 

A similar survey conducted in 1977-1978 in 10 cities focused on infant and toddler diets (Podrebarac 1984a). Of 11 food groups included in that survey, P-endosulfan was found in the vegetables and fruit/... 

Johnson RD, Manske DD, New DH, et al. 1979. Pesticides and other chemical residues in infant and toddler total diet samples-(I)--August 1974-July 1975. Pestic Monit J 13 87-98. 

Public concern about PBDE levels in the environment was heightened when it was shown that a sharp increase in the concentration of certain PBDEs had occurred in human breast milk over only a 10-year period (Meironyte et al. 1999 Noren and Meironyte 2000), and the levels of exposure in some infants and toddlers were similar to those shown to cause developmental neurotoxicity in animal experiments (Costa and Giordano 2007). As a result of these concerns, the majority of commercial PBDE mixtures have been banned from manufacture, sale, and use within the European Union. 

Christian Simon. DDT—Forschung und Entwicklung zwischen Chemie und Biolo-gie. Chemie in der Schweiz, Thomas Busset et al., eds. Basel Christoph Merian Verlag, 1997. Source for the 350th compound note in calendar Zeidler spraying near toddlers and controversies with Lauger, Martin, Geigy over priority and royalties. 

Infants and toddlers N=29 0.24 Breast-fed and formula-fed EPA analysis Ryu etal. 1983 EPA1990e... 

Use of succimer in the prevention of developmental delay, slowed growth, and behavior disorders in toddlers... 

FDA estimated that in 1990, toddlers (2-year-olds) received 16% of their total lead exposure from food (5 tg/day), 1% from soil, 7% from water, and 75% from dust. EPA estimated that in 1990 lead intake from U S. drinking water would be 11.9 pg/day for a 6-year-old child and 7.5 pg/day for an infant less than 1 year old (Cohen 1988b). A study of lead in the diet of Canadian infants found an average intake by children 0-1 years of age to be 16.5 pg/day when both food and water ingestion were considered (Dabeka and McKenzie 1988). 

Gartrell MJ, Craun JC, Podrebarac DS, et al. 1986a. Pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals in infant and toddler total diet samples, October 1980-March 1982. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 69 123-145. 

A worktable that can be used to calculate a cumulative exposure estimate on a site-specific basis is provided in Table 2. To use the table, environmental levels for outdoor air, indoor air, food, water, soil, and dust are needed. In the absence of such data (as may be encountered during health assessment activities), default values can be used. In most situations, default values will be background levels unless data are available to indicate otherwise. Based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration s (FDA s) Total Diet Study data, lead intake from food for infants and toddlers is about 5 pg/day (Bolger et al. 1991). In some cases, a missing value can be estimated from a known value. For example, EPA (1986) has suggested that indoor air can be considered 0.03 x the level of outdoor air. Suggested default values are listed in Table 3. 

In April, an EC scientific committee concluded that there was reason for concern about estimated exposures of the phthalate DINP to toddlers chewing soft P VC toys. A study commissioned by the Dutch Health Ministry also failed to provide a robust defence of the plasticisers. Elsewhere, the Canadian Health Ministry has advised retailers to withdraw PVC teethers and find alternatives to soft PVC in other toddlers toys. Toys R Us has announced a worldwide withdrawal of teethers and other direct-to-mouth products containing phthalates. 

Pneumococcal Disease In October 2002, the FDA approved the use of Prevnar for immunization of infants and toddlers against otitis media— middle ear infection. Prevnar is a pneumococcal seven-valent conjugate vaccine. It is formulated with a sterile solution of saccharides conjugated to the antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

Measurements of actual house dust in sampled residences where people use lawn chemicals is more disturbing. Even if the immediate exposure to these chemicals-now clinging to boots, shirtsleeves, and socks-did not prove a risk, the chemicals that hitchhike with us indoors have a more complex fate. Now released from clothing and accumulating in the home, chemicals with purportedly short half-lives begin to become more persistent. By settling in house dust, and therefore on carpets, the highest level of exposure falls on those close to the floor, which includes pets, but more importantly, toddlers, infants, and small children, who are disproportionately sensitive to the possible effects of these chemicals. ... 

A 1-year-old toddler with cystic fibrosis (CF) is seen by his physician for an upper respiratory infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. He is started on oral norfloxacin and referred to a CF center as i potential candidate for gene therapy. Prior genetic testing of the patient identified the mutation causing cystic fibrosis as a 3-base-pair deletion in esan 10 of the CF gene. The nucleotide sequences f codons 506-511 in this region of the normal and mutant alleles are compared below. 

Exposure to heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide most commonly occurs when you eat contaminated food. Contaminated foods might include fish, shellfish (e.g., clams), dairy products, meat, and poultry. Children and toddlers drink large amounts of milk and may have greater exposure if the milk is contaminated with heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide. Infants can be exposed to these compounds from consumption of contaminated maternal or cow s milk. Exposure can also occur when you drink water, breathe air, or touch contaminated soil at hazardous waste sites that contain heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide. People whose homes have been treated with heptachlor to kill termites can be exposed by breathing heptachlor in the air. After heptachlor is changed to heptachlor epoxide in the soil, it can get into the air. People who breathe this air will be exposed to heptachlor epoxide. 

Infants and toddlers are exposed to higher levels (based on their greater dose to surface area [or body weight] ratio) of heptachlor epoxide in the diet (particularly from milk) than are adults. Higher exposure rates in indoor air may occur for at least 1 year in homes that have been treated for termites with heptachlor in the past. Although the most likely routes of exposure at hazardous waste sites are unknown, exposure may result from ingestion of contaminated soil near these sites particularly by children. Since both heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide volatilize from soil, inhalation exposure may also be important for persons living near hazardous waste sites. Exposure via... 

Little information on the levels of 1,4-dichlorobenzene concentrations in infant and toddler foods and in baby formula was located. Page and Lacroix (1995) analyzed a variety of beverage and food samples for 32 different volatile contaminants, including 1,4-dichlorobenzene and found residue levels to be quite low (range, 0.1-22 ppb). Soft drink samples contained 0.1 g/kg (ppb), while cream with 10% butterfat, butter, margarine, peanut butter, flour, and pastry mix contained concentrations of 0.1 ppb, 1.3-2.7 ppb, 12.2-14.5 ppb, 1.2-8.8 ppb, 7.3 ppb, and 22 ppb, respectively. No information was located to determine whether children differed in their weight-adjusted intake of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. 

The influence of odors such as perfumes and fragrances on human behavior is assumed to he acquired, and the responses elicited depend on the often complex previous social experiences. The response will be altered if a laboratory experiment eliminates contextual stimuli (Kirk-Smith and Booth, 1987). Social odors include those of the well-known security blankets in toddlers, familiarly scented bed sheets in new surroundings, and treating insomnia with mother s axillary odor on handkerchief. Removal of bad body odors (diet, metabolism defects) that disrupt interpersonal harmony appears to be universal. 

Babies Toddler Holidav Recipes Food and Drink... 

An important step in the development of paediatric medicines has been the practical, if arbitrary, age and developmental categorisation as follows preterm newborn infants, term newborn infants (0-27 days), infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months), children (2-11 years), adolescents (12-16 or 12-18 years, depending on the region). While studies may not be... 

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