Titanium inhibited

Kammerer, O. F., Weeks, J. R., Sadofsky, J., et al., Zirconium and Titanium Inhibit Corrosion and Mass Transfer of Steels by Liquid Heavy Metals, Transactions of AIME, Vol. 212, 1958, pp. 20-25. 

It is accepted that, at normal pressures, mtile is the thermodynamically stable form of titanium dioxide at all temperatures. Calorimetric studies have demonstrated that mtile is more stable than anatase and that brookite and Ti02 (ii) have intermediate stabiHties, although the relative stabiHties of brookite and Ti02(ii) have not yet been defined. The transformation of anatase to mtile is exothermic, eg, 12.6 KJ/mol (9), although lower figures have also been reported (63). The rate of transformation is critically dependent on the detailed environment and may be either promoted or retarded by the presence of other substances. For example, phosphoms inhibits the transformation of anatase to mtile (64). 

Under typical chlorination conditions, most elements are chlorinated. Therefore, for every metric ton of titanium tetrachloride produced, lower grade feedstocks requite more chlorine. Minor impurities such as alkaline-earths, where the chlorides are relatively involatile, may either inhibit bed-fluidization or cause blockages in the equipment and requite particular consideration regarding feedstock specification. 

These mixed phosphate ester titanium complexes or their amine salts are useful as fuel additives to help maintain cleanliness of carburetors and inhibit surface corrosion. Chloride-free mixed alcohol phosphate esters can be obtained if a tetraalkyl titanate is used (101). 

Many of the technical problems of fabrication that formerly inhibited the use of titanium alloys in dental castings (164—166) have been effectively solved, and titanium castings may now be obtained for virtually any type of dental appHance at prices that are increasingly competitive. Special induction or electric-arc furnaces are necessary for casting titanium alloys, and this specialized equipment has, until now, been available in only a limited number of commercial dental laboratories. However, the relatively high price of this equipment, attributed to development costs, is expected to decline significantly this should help to improve the general availabihty of cast titanium appHances. 

Many shell-and-tube condensers use copper alloy tubes, such as admiralty brasses (those containing small concentrations of arsenic, phosphorus, or antimony are called inhibited grades), aluminum brasses, and cupronickel austenitic stainless steel and titanium are also often used. Utility surface condensers have used and continue to use these alloys routinely. Titanium is gaining wider acceptance for use in sea water and severe service environments but often is rejected based on perceived economic disadvantages. 

Uhlig, H. H. and Gilman, 3. R., Inhibition of Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steel 18/8 in Iron(III) Chloride Solutions by Nitrates , Z. Physik. Chem.,21/6, 127 (1964) C.A., 61,9231c Fisher, W. R., Pitting Corrosion, Especially of Titanium. 1 Corrosion Studies , Techn. Mill. 

For commercially pure titanium, the specific environments to be avoided are pure methanol and red, fuming nitric acid " , although in both environments the presence of 2% of water will inhibit cracking. On the other hand, the presence of either bromine or iodine in methanol aggravates the effect. When it does occur, stress-corrosion cracking of commercially pure titanium is usually intergranular in habit. 

The ease of oxidation of magnesium is important in the commercial manufacture of titanium metal. Titanium, when quite pure, shows great promise as a structural metal, but the economics of production have thus far inhibited its use. One of the processes currently used, the Kroll process, involves the reduction of liquid titanium tetrachloride with molten metallic magnesium ... 

Keppler BK, Friesen C, Moritz HG, Vongerichten H, Vogel E (1991) Tumor-Inhibiting Bis (/1-Diketonato) Metal Complexes. Budotitane, cis-Diethoxybis (l-phenylbutane-1,3-dionato) titanium (IV). 78 97-128... 

Reversible enzyme inhibition, 10 256, 318 Reversible heterogeneous catalytic reactions, 25 312 Reversible hydrogenase-based biophotolysis, 13 849 Reversible perturbation reactions, 14 617 Reversible process, 24 650 Reversible superconducting region, 23 818 Reversible toxicity, 25 203 Revert titanium, recycling of, 24 848, 857 Review activities, EIA, 10 237 Rexfoam, commercial defoamer, 8 241t Rexillium III... 

Fortunato, B., Munari, A. and Manaresi, P., Inhibiting effect of phosphorus compounds on model transesterification and direct esterification reactions catalysed by titanium tetrabutylate, Polymer, 35, 4006 (1994). 

Titanium as a carrier metal Titanium (or a similar metal such as tantalum, etc.) cannot work directly as anode because a semiconducting oxide layer inhibits any electron transport in anodic direction ( valve metal ). But coated with an electrocatalytic layer, for example, of platinum or of metal oxides (see below), it is an interesting carrier metal due to the excellent corrosion stability in aqueous media, caused by the self-healing passivation layer (e.g. stability against chlorine in the large scale industrial application of Dimension Stable Anodes DSA , see below). 

Complexes, such as 1, also readily react with anions of amines the effect of added Lewis acids was investigated boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex exerted little effect upon the reaction, but addition of titanium(IV) chloride or tin(lV) chloride inhibited the Michael addition45. 

Cyclization of the acid chloride by means of aluminum chloride gives tetralone (19-2). This is then converted to its A -methylimine (19-3) by means of methylamine and titanium tetrachloride. That intermediate is next reduced with sodium boro-hydride to give a mixture of cis and trans aminotetralins (19-4). The tmns isomer tametraline (19-5) is separated by fractional crystallization of the hydrochloride salt [20]. Detailed pharmacological investigations showed that this compound owes its antidepressant action to the inhibition of reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine from the synaptic cleft. 

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