Tissue banking

Willemer, H. Data to be considered for freeze dryers to be used in freeze drying of transplants (especially bones). 1th European congress of tissue banking and clinical application. Berlin, Oct. 1991... 

Once it is possible to expand a clinically defined and safe cell lineage for transplant, it is also necessary to be able to store the viable cells for subsequent attempts or procedures. This can avoid further surgery on the same patient. This demands the development of crypreservation methods for cells and tissues, involving a tissue bank (blood, skin, bones, cornea, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, etc.). Cryopreservation must be efficient for long periods of storage, since the frozen cells may be required years after the initial deposit. 

Tissue banks are the most common source of human tissues. While surgical biopsy accessions are preferred, they are limited in availability and often unavailable for many tissues (e.g., brain and other vital organs). Therefore the majority of tissue samples used in cross-reactivity studies are those acquired at autopsy. For autopsy accessions all efforts must be made to minimize the time interval between death and tissue collection. Information provided with specimens generally includes age, gender, and usually race and some clinical history and/or cause of death. As suggested in the Points-to-Consider document, the tissues used in a standard tissue cross-reactivity study are acquired from adults (>18 years of age). Pediatric tissues are often very difficult to obtain and are usually not used in a standard tissue cross-reactivity study unless there is a clear pediatric indication for the test article. 

The different levels of burn supplies that should be in reserve in the National Strategic Stockpile overseen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in HHS for different numbers of mass disaster burn casualties and interacting with efforts such as the Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism and the industrial hotline to obtain supplies in a disaster, and drawing on the expertise of the American Association of Tissue Banks relative to the availabil-ity/transport of skin for burn victims... 

Occupational exposure of sterilizing staff to ethylene oxide in hospitals, tissue banks, and research facilities can result during any of the following operations and conditions (1) ... 

T. I. Lillestolen, N. Foster, S. A. Wise, Development of the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank, Sci. Total Environ., 139/140 (1993), 97-107. 

Becker PR, Mackey EA, Schantz MM et al. 1995. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other elements in tissues banked by the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project. US Dept of commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTIR 5620. [retrieval in progress]... 

Have a relatively long life span. The cells should produce sufficient progeny so they can be tissue banked, characterized, engineered, safety tested, and clinical lot manufactured. 

Sediments and biota remain priorities for future CP monitoring according to risk assessments. Analysis of dated sediment cores from Europe and from Asia would help assess the current and past deposition in aquatic environments. Temporal trends of CPs in biota need to be studied and there are a number of wildlife and human tissue banks that could supply suitable samples. While there has been much focus on levels in biota in aquatic environments, more work is needed on levels in terrestrial biota to follow up the early work that demonstrated high concentrations in herbivores. This should include more measurements of human tissue samples (blood, mother s milk) given the potential for human exposure via house dust, vegetation, and meat of herbivorous animals. 

The design, construction, and use of paraffin TMAs present a variety of challenges in the realm of informatics (15). Tissue banks intending to provide TMAs must store relevant patient, accession, and specimen information and pathologic descriptions down to the block level, as well as be able to associate that data with a given core. Tissue array production systems should provide user interfaces that allow for consistent description of tissue regions. In addition, it is ideal to have an image of a slide taken from the block with annotation of the area(s) from where the core(s) were taken. 

Dhir, R., J. Gilbertson, and M. J. Becich. 2001. Developments in tissue banking for the post-genome era. Advances in Anatomic Pathology 8 307-309. 

Cell and Tissue Banking Journal Springer Netherlands... 

Key Words Biorepository tissue banking tissue preservation. 

Two professional associations, one based in the USA and another based in Europe, exist for the purpose of creating human tissue banking standards. The American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB) and European Association of Tissue Banks (EATB) provide standards for operation, tissue bank staff certification, and an accredited inspection process. The AATB and EATB have been very active in establishing tissue-banking standards for other countries with organizations that wish to develop human tissue banks for therapeutic, and more recently, research purposes. 

The activities of the bank should be conducted following a set of standard operating procedures such as those provided by the International Society of Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER) (26) (see Note 7). In addition to the ISBER, the American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB) provides guidance for standard operating procedures in its Self-assessment Tool/Audit Report (STAR) for therapeutic tissue and reproductive banks, Section B, General Organizational Requirements of a Tissue Bank (27). 

AORN Recommended Practices Committee (2006) Recommended practices for surgical tissue banking. AORN J. 83 435 42 445-450 453 56. 

Not all the changes observed in a proteomic experiment will be related to toxicity some will be adaptive. While more difficult to conduct, it is important to recognise that more useful information may be gained from clinical research and every effort should be made to facilitate this. Such studies may take the form of collecting samples (blood, urine) from all subjects in a clinical trial for retrospective analysis when the outcomes of exposure are known. Alternatively it would be possible to establish tissue banks (of blood, urine, skin or liver biopsies) from patients with clinically well characterised ADRs. 

Bias refers to an error of study design where study cases are handled differently. Possible sources of bias in microarray studies include the batch of reagents used, array batch, array version, operator, processing date, system update, platform, and pooling of tissues from multiple tissue banks. To reduce systematic study bias, one needs to develop strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, avoid inappropriate pooling of samples, and randomize processing of samples [14]. 

J. Kopp, M.G. Jeschke, A.D. Bach, U. Kneser, R.E. Horch, Applied tissue engineering in the closure of severe bums and chronic wounds using cultured human autolc ous keratinocytes in a natural fibrin matrix. Cell Tissue Bank. 5 (2) (2004) 89—96. 

Mrazova H, KoUer J, Kubisova K, Fugerikova G, Klincova E, Babal P. Comparison of structural changes in skin and amnion tissue grafts for transplantation induced by gamma and electron beam irradiation for sterilization. Cell Tissue Bank 2015. Epub December 9. doi 10.1007/S10561-015-9536-3. 

American Association of Tissue Banks founded www.aatb.org/About-AATB... 

---