Tin phosphides

Copper and tin phosphides are used as deoxidants in the production of the respective metals, to increase the tensile strength and corrosion resistance in phosphor bronze [12767-50-9] and as components of brazing solders (see Solders and brazing alloys). Phosphor bronze is an alloy of copper and 1.25—11 wt % tin. As tin may be completely oxidized in a copper alloy in the form of stannic oxide, 0.03—0.35 wt % phosphoms is added to deoxidize the alloy. Phosphor copper [12643-19-5] is prepared by the addition of phosphoms to molten copper. Phosphor tin [66579-64-4] 2.5—3 wt % P, is made for the deoxidation of bronzes and German silver. 

Te tram eric alkyl beryllium, zinc and cadmium alkoxides are formed by controlled alcoholysis of the metal dialkyls,16U62 while cubanoid thallium alkoxides are obtained by reaction of the metal with refluxing ethanol, and alcohol metathesis.163 Reaction (4) affords a tin phosphide cubane in low yield 164... 

Experiments on the formation of tin phosphides were made by B. Pelletier,18 0. Emmerling, C. Kiinzel, E. Liipke, etc., who obtained a silvery-white alloy with 13-14 per cent, of phosphorus by heating the two elements together. Indefinite tin phosphides were made by A. Schrotter, and P. Vigier, who passed phosphorus vapour over the heated metal. G. Landgrebe melted tin with fused... 

Tin Phosphides.—Several well-defined phosphides of tin have been made by the dry methods. The early work 2 was of a qualitative nature. Phosphides of tin may be made by heating metaphos-phoric acid or a phosphate and silica with carbon and tin or stannic oxide.3... 

The preparation of tin phosphides has received attention due to their interesting mechanical, optical, and electrical properties catalyst applications. Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) of tin phosphide thin films was achieved on glass substrates from the reaction of SnCU or SnBr4 with (R = Cy or Ph) at 500-600 °C. The films showed good uniformity and surface... 

Tin Phosphides, Several stoichiometries reported Mellor s voI. VIII, 847-849 (1931), Crystal structure of Sn,P2 and discussion of other phases Olofsson, Acta Chem. Scand. 21, 1659 (1967) 24, 1153 (1970). 

Tin and red phosphorus react in sealed evacuated silica tubes at about 500° to produce tin phosphides. 

If tin and sulfur are heated, a vigorous reaction takes place with the formation of tin sulfides. At 100—400°C, hydrogen sulfide reacts with tin, forming stannous sulfide however, at ordinary temperatures no reaction occurs. Stannous sulfide also forms from the reaction of tin with an aqueous solution of sulfur dioxide. Molten tin reacts with phosphoms, forming a phosphide. Aqueous solutions of the hydroxides and carbonates of sodium and potassium, especially when warm, attack tin. Stannates are produced by the action of strong sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions on tin. Oxidizing agents, eg, sodium or potassium nitrate or nitrite, are used to prevent the formation of stannites and to promote the reactions. 

Indium hydroxide, 14 197 Indium mines, 14 192-193 Indium oxide, 5 600 14 195, 196 Indium phosphide, 14 197 Indium plating, for microelectronics, 9 813 Indium-point realization, 24 444 Indium tin oxide (ITO), 7 530 14 196-197 24 805... 

A number of binary phosphides and polyphosphides (compounds containing P—P bonds), for instance those of Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os can be prepared, often in well crystallized form, by the tin-flux technique. The mixture generally containing an excess of P (red P) and a high excess of tin is heated, possibly at a slow rate, to the required temperature (600°-1000°C) and maintained at that temperature for several days and then slowly cooled. In several cases the products may be recovered by dissolving the tin-rich residue in hydrochloric acid. The preparation of several ternary phosphides and of arsenides and antimonides has also been described (see 6.11.3). 

In the review by Kanatzidis et al. (2005), the preparation by the tin-flux method is mentioned also for several ternary phosphides and polyphosphides of rare-earth and transition metals. Typically the components (R metal, T metal, P and Sn in an atomic ratio of about 1 4 20 50) in sealed silica tubes were slowly heated, to avoid violent reactions, up to 800°C, annealed at that temperature for 1 week and slowly (2 K/h) cooled to ambient temperature. The tin-rich matrix was dissolved in diluted hydrochloric acid. The authors described the preparation of compounds corresponding for instance to the formula MeT4P12 (Me = heavy rare-earth metals and Th and U, T = Fe, Ru, etc.) and to the series of phases MeT2P2 (Me is a lanthanide or an actinide and T a late transition metal) having a structure related to the BaAl4 or ThCr2Si2 types. 

A different class of four-membered Su2P2 ring 10.39 is obtained as orange-red crystals from the salt-elimination reaction of potassium di-tert-butyl phosphide with the triethylphosphine adduct of tin(II) dichloride [eqn (10.27)] the dimeric structure was deduced from multinuclear NMR spectra and solution molecular weight measurements. The Sn NMR spectrum exhibits a doublet-of-triplets... 

Phosphorus unites with most of the metals, forming phosphides. Phosphorus is electronegative towards hydrogen, and its affinity for the metals is rather less than that of sulphur. The phosphides are made by the direct union of the two elements usually assisted by heat, and in an atmosphere of an inert gas to prevent undue oxidation. In this way, at a dull red-heat, the metals iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, palladium, platinum, and iridium united with phosphorus with incandescence and gold, silver, tin, and zinc without incandescence. Phosphides VOL. VIII. 3 B... 

P. Jolibois considers that only tin triphosphide and tritetritaphosphide are chemical individuals and that the other phosphides which have been reported are solid soln. or mixtures. A. C. Vivian found that when a mixture of phosphorus and tin is heated in sealed tubes, two conjugate soln. appear to be formed, and two definite layers of molten liquid are present. The maximum amount of phosphorus alloying with tin is 8 per cent., and the product melts at about 485° ... 

The heat sensitivity (above) may explain the explosions which occur on contact of many readily oxidisable materials with this powerful oxidant. Such materials include ammonia, potassium arsenic, antimony sulfur, charcoal (adsorptive heating may also contribute) calcium phosphide, phosphine, phosphorus hydrogen sulfide, antimony sulfide, barium sulfide, mercury sulfide and tin sulfide [1], Various organic materials (paper, cork, rubber, turpentine, etc.) behave similarly [2]. Mixtures with hydrogen detonate on ignition [1]. 

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