Third World producers

Pulp production and per capita consumption of paper and board for 1992 is shown in Table 8. The United States, Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Norway make up the North American and Scandinavian (NORSCAN) countries and produced about 63% (22.8 million tons) of the world output. Market share is growing for producers in Latin and South America, Western Europe, Asia, and Africa. These areas provide low cost pulp from state-of-the-art mills. Mills in the third world countries often enjoy the benefits of plentiful, fast-growing tree species, such as eucalyptus and tropical pines, and lower operating and labor costs (3). 

Portland cement is the most widely used constmction material in the world (see Cement), especially in Third World nations, because of its availabiHty, ease of use, and versatiHty. Estimated 1989 worldwide production is almost 1.12 biUion metric tons. The United States represented 71.2 million metric tons, ie, fourth, behind China (207 million metric tons), the former USSR (140 million metric tons), and Japan (82 million metric tons). Spain is tenth with 27 million tons. The top 10 world producers of Portland cement account for just under 43% of the total production. 

Western Europe has seven manufacturers of activated carbon. The two largest, Norit and Chemviron (a subsidiary of Calgon), account for 70% of West European production capacity, and Ceca accounts for 13% (42). Japan is the third largest producer of activated carbon, having 18 manufacturers, but four companies share over 50% of the total Japanese capacity (43). Six Pacific Rim countries account for the balance of the world production capacity of activated carbon, 90% of which is in the Philippines and Sri Lanka (42). As is the case with other businesses, regional markets for activated carbon products have become international, lea ding to consoHdation of manufacturers. Calgon, Norit, Ceca, and Sutcliffe-Speakman are examples of multinational companies. 

Economic Aspects. U.S. production statistics for the period 1980 to 1988 are given ia Table 4 (220). Exports amount to ca 20% of annual United States production, and imports amount to almost 10% of domestic production. The main foreign producers are Japan, South Africa, and Canada. South Korea, Brazil, and The People s RepubHc of China are minor producers. Japan s Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. is the world s third largest producer. Two other Japanese producers are Toyo Soda Co., Ltd., and Nankai Chemical Industry, Ltd. 

More recently, Glaxo SmithKline patented an efficient fermentation rente for the biosynthetic prodnetion of thymidine (thymine-2-desoxyriboside). Key to the invention is a recombinant strain that efficiently produces high titers of thymidine by blocking some enzymes in the thymidine regulating pathway. This microbial process has now replaced the chemical route and has enabled gsk to supply the anti-AIDS drug AZT (zidovudine) to third-world countries at low cost. 

Although Bolivia is the third largest producer of coca leaf in the world, it still trails far behind the world s largest producer, Colombia. In 2006, Bolivia accounted for 18 per cent of global coca cultivation. The area under coca cultivation increased by 8 per cent compared to 2005, and reached 27,500 hectares in 2006. This increase offsets the decrease achieved between 2004 and 2005, when the coca cultivation area declined by 8 per cent from 27,700 hectares to only 25,400 hectares. Overall, the area cultivated with coca bush in Bolivia remained much lower than in the early and mid-1990s, when coca was grown on over 45,000 hectares. 

Prior to the Second World War, it was primarily the European powers who used poison gas. After the Second World War old Europe was increasingly replaced by the United States which, it can be argued, took on the policing of Third World countries, and such policing meant that chemical weapons were used in both Korea and Vietnam. Indeed, the United States had, for many decades prior to the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, been the main producer, purveyor and user of chemical weapons. However, this was generally hidden from public view until the 1960s when the United States use of chemical weapons in Vietnam was exposed.26... 

The aluminum industry consumes much more carbon, as baked anode composites, than the total of all other industrial uses for baked and graphitized carbon products. The free world s total annual aluminum production capacity is approximately 16 million short tons, about one-third being produced in the United States. World aluminum production involves the consumption (oxidation) of about eight million tons of anode carbon. Production occurs by electrolytic deposition from cryolite-alumina melts using a process patented simultaneously, but independently, in 1886 by Hall in America and Heroult in France. While minor process modifications have been made in the intervening years, and productivity greatly increased, substantially the same process is still used. The industrial electrolytic cell consists of a shallow carbon vessel about 10 ft. wide by 30 ft. long, and 1-2 ft. deep, which acts as the cathode and contains the fused salt bath and molten aluminum product. The carbon anodes are supported above the cathode and lowered into the cell at the rate of... 

Coal is arguably the most important energy resource worldwide. It produces electricity, heat for warmth and cooking in third world countries, and petroleum and natural gas (the latter in great abundance). Understanding the complex geochemistry of coal is important so that we can make efficient and intelligent use of this economically critical (but often unappreciated) natural resource. 

More than 60 years ago, the average world production of flaxseed was about 3.4 million metric tons (MMT), which was more than sunflower, 2.5 MMT, and slightly lower than rapeseed, 3.8 MMT. In the same period, soybean was produced at a level of 12.6 MMT (4). In those years, flaxseed was the third-most produced oilseed in the world by volume. Since then, world production of flaxseed has remained between 2 and 3 MMT, and the production of other oilseeds has increased considerably (4). In 2000-2001, world production of flaxseed was 2.34 MMT, with Canada being the largest producer and exporter of this oilseed (See graph in Canola chapter). 

As cost is a factor, it should be noted that these missiles can be built for about 50 each. This compares favorably with the Soviet SAM missile, currently used by third world terrorists.SAM missiles are known to cost about 1000 each to produce. 

This year the physicochemical treatment of water remains the major feature on the agenda, but we are also concentrating on more specific environmental problems such as the techniques and phenomena related to hazardous waste and use of fossil fuel, a subject of concern to our co-sponsors, Drs. Hartstein (of DOE) and Jackson. This is of high current interest and acute importance to industrialized countries, which are most often the major users on the one hand, as well as to Third World-countries, which are often the producers on the other. This combined approach will enable participants to hold interdisciplinary discussions and exchanges among specialists of diverse subdisciplines. 

---