Aluminum world production

Eigure 1 illustrates the Bayer process as it is practiced in the 1990s. The primary purpose of a Bayer plant is to process bauxite to provide pure alumina for the production of aluminum. World production of Al(OH)2 totaled ca 55 x 10 t in 1988. Practically all of the hydroxide was obtained by Bayer processing and 90% of it was calcined to metallurgical grade alumina (AI2O2). However, about 10% of the bauxite processed serves as feedstock to the growing aluminum chemicals industry. 

Table 10. Annual World Production of Aluminum, Copper, Magnesium, Lead, and Zinc, 10 t/yr ...

Gibbsite is aii important technical product and world production, predominantly by the Bayer process, is more than 50 million metric tons aimuaHy. Alost (90%) is calcined to alumina [1344-28-1 j, Al202, to be used for aluminum production. Tlie remainder is used by the chemical industry as filler for paper, plastics, rubber, and as the starting material for the preparation of various aluminum compounds, alumina ceramics, refractories, polishing products, catalysts, and catalyst supports. 

Ferrovanadium. The steel industry accounts for the majority of the world s consumption of vanadium as an additive to steel. It is added in the steelmaking process as a ferrovanadium alloy [12604-58-9] which is produced commercially by the reduction of vanadium ore, slag, or technical-grade oxide with carbon, ferrosiHcon, or aluminum. The product grades, which may contain 35—80 wt % vanadium, are classified according to their vanadium content. The consumer use and grade desired dictate the choice of reductant. 

Electrolytic aluminum production is the most important process in both volume and significance. World production is about 15 megatons per year, consuming about 240 billion kilowatthours of electrical energy. Aluminum oxide (alumina), AI2O3, is subjected to electrolysis at a temperature of 950°C to this end it is dissolved in molten cryolite NujAlFg, with which it forms a eutectic melting at about 940°C. Carbon anodes that are anodically oxidized to CO2 in the process are employed. The overall electrolysis reaction can be written as... 

Silicomanganese, 15 556 low carbon, 15 555—556 world production of, 15 550—551t Silicomanganese, 22 519 Silicomanganese furnace, 15 553, 555 Silicomanganese production, 15 555—556 Silicon (Si), 9 731-733, 22 480-501, 502-511. See also Doped silicon re-type (negative) silicon p-type (positive) silicon Ribbon silicon Sheet silicon Amorphous silicon (a-Si) Si-hybrid sealants Silica entries analytical methods for, 22 498—499 in aluminum alloys, 22 508, 509, 510 applications of, 22 499, 508—509 atomic force microscopy of etching, 3 333-337... 

Practically all world production of newly smelted aluminum was made from bauxite. The term bauxite is used for naturally occurring mixtures of aluminum monohydrate (boehmite or diaspore) and trihydrate gibbsite Al(OH)3, including impurities which are typically clay minerals, free silica, iron hydroxides and titania. The luminescence ofboehmite and diaspore and LIBS (Fig. 8.10) maybe used for the detection, sorting and commercial value evaluation of A1 minerals. 

By 1995, Australia will probably be one of the world s three largest aluminum producers. At present, it supplies onc-third of the world s bauxite. New smeller construction underway is expected to boost the world production by two million tons (1.8 million metric tons). New Zealand also has a good potential. Australia has coal reserves estimated at 1500 years. 

Substantial quantities of commercial and captive HF are used in the production of aluminum trifluoride and sodium cryolite, both used by the aluminum industry. The electrolytic process for the production of aluminum involves fused A1203, A1F3, and Na3AlF6. About 8-10% of the world production of HF is consumed by aluminum industry which serves the World s two largest industries automotive and building construction. Due to the recent economic upturn, there is a large demand for aluminum metal in the market. As a result, the aluminum industry has opted for the least expensive source of fluoride ions such as hexafluorosilicic acid. 

Since bauxites are to be found in many countries of the world, the processing of silicatic aluminum minerals is industrially unimportant. Non-bauxite raw materials (e.g. nepheline and aluminite ores) are processed, to a limited extent, in the former States of the USSR and Poland (accounts for an estimated 16% of the aluminum-plant production in the former States of the USSR). 

The worldwide production of aluminum hydroxide [hydrated aluminum oxide, Al(OH)3], ca. 32.3 lO t/a in 1981, increased 4.7% annually in the period 1985 to 1991, but fell 2% to 41.5 10 t/a (as AI2O3) in 1992. The three leading producing countries in 1992 were Australia (27%), USA (12%) and Jamaica (7%) and currently account for about half of the world production. The production of aluminum oxide (alumina, AI2O3), occurring naturally as corundum, was slightly lower, since not all the hydrated aluminum oxide is calcined. The production in the Federal Republic of Germany decreased from 1.51 10 t/a in 1982 (before unification) to 0.87 10 t/a in 1992 (after unification). 

Neikov, O.D. (2000) Water Atomized Powder Technologies for Advanced Aluminum Alloy Production. Proc. of 2000 Powder Metallurgy World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, part 1, 464-466. 

Commercially, aluminum isopropoxide is available as a solid, or as a solution in an inert solvent like toluene or hexane, and, rarely, as a liquid. The world production of aluminum isopropoxide is approximately 5000 metric tonnes. Approximately 40% of the world market is in the United States. The largest consumers of aluminum isopropoxide are manufacturers of rheology modifiers... 

Calcium metal is produced by thermal reduction of highly purified lime with aluminum under low pressure (< 0.1 Pa) at 1200 °C. The vaporized Ca metal is removed from the reaction by condensation. To obtain high-purity grade calcium, a further vacuum distillation step is necessary. The actual annual world production is about 8000 tons, but the consumption is presently > 65%, which leads in turn to quite stable prices (Hluchan and Pomerantz 2002). 

Of all the bauxite mined about 95% is converted to alumina. World production of alumina is about 50 Mt/ year. The majority (about 90%) of the alumina is used for the production of aluminum most of the rest goes into nonmetal uses such as specialty aluminas. It is this latter quantity that is of interest to us in ceramics. The primary suppliers of specialty aluminas in the United States are Alcoa, Alcan, Aluchem, LaRoche, and Reynolds. 

The world production of around 15.5 Mt of aluminum in 1986 required a total consumption of around 7 Mt of pre-baked and Soderberg anode material. 

Among metals, aluminum is second only to iron in commercial use. World production of aluminum is about 1.5 X 10 kg (16 million tons) per year. The most useful... 

The total world consumption of refined lead in 2000 was 6 449 000 tonnes closely matching the total world production of refined lead in 2000, which was 6 630 000 tonnes. The total world production of primary lead in 2000 was 2 936 000 tonnes, meaning the balance of consumption was from recycled sources. The 3-month price for lead ranged between 515.00 and 419.00 per tonne [7]. The main ore deposit is galena, PbS, which contains an amount of silver and that adds economic value to ore deposits. Other lead deposits are in the form of sulfate and carbonate. Lead ranks fifth in tonnage consumed after iron, copper, aluminum, and zinc, but is rare in earth s crust where it ranks 34th among other elements. 

The world production of aluminum was estimated at 14.2 x 10 metric tons in 1990. The consumption of molded-graphite anode is approximately 400 kg per metric ton of aluminum and the total estimated consumption worldwide is 5.68 x 10° metric tons. 

Magnesium is an important alloying metal for aluminum, as, for instance, in the alloy AA 5052 with 2.5% Mg. In fact 43% of the total magnesium metal produced in 2000 was used for such alloying purposes. Different magnesium cast alloys accounted for 34%, while 13% was used for desulfurization in the iron and steel industry. World production was 430 000 tonnes and the figure is increasing aimually. 

Aluminum has been produced commercially only for about 150 years and is still a very young metal. At the start of the 20 century, some 8000 tonnes of aluminum was produced annually, whereas 80 years later it was 16 million tonnes, thus 2000 times more. Mankind has been using copper, lead and tin for thousands of years and yet today more aluminum is produced than all other non-ferrous metals together. The total world production of primary aluminum was 24 million tonnes in 2001. In addition, some 7 million toimes of secondary aluminum were produced. 

Primary aluminum is produced in many countries. The biggest producers are Russia, China, the United States and Canada with 11-13% each of total world production. Considerable quantities are also produced in Australia with 7.5% share, and in Brazil and Norway with 4-5% each [37.7]. 

Corundum. Comndum [1302-75-5] (see Aluminum compounds) is a naturally occurring massive crystalline mineral composed of aluminum oxide. It is an impure form of the gems mby and sapphke. Prior to 1900 comndum was an important abrasive for the production of grinding wheels. Today it is mainly employed as a loose abrasive for grinding and polishing optical lenses. Almost all the world s supply of comndum now comes from Africa, primarily from Zimbabwe. 

---