Theoretical and experimental

During the control, the reception coil has been scanning inside of the emission coils. The theoretical and experimental results have been obtained under the condition of a constant lift-off of 50 pm, obtained by applying a protective polyethilenic foil. 

Figures Absolute e.m.f. dependence of the probe vs. position for different sub-surface crack depths - theoretical and experimental results...

An assortment of values of the Hamaker constant A is collected in Table VI-4. These are a mixture of theoretical and experimental values there is reasonable agreement between theory and experiment in the cases of silica, mica, and polystyrene. 

The resistance to nucleation is associated with the surface energy of forming small clusters. Once beyond a critical size, the growth proceeds with the considerable driving force due to the supersaturation or subcooling. It is the definition of this critical nucleus size that has consumed much theoretical and experimental research. We present a brief description of the classic nucleation theory along with some examples of crystal nucleation and growth studies. 

This section has focused mainly on the internal dynamics of small molecules, where a coherent picture of the detailed mtemal motion has been emerging from intense efforts of many theoretical and experimental workers. A natural question is whether these kinds of issues will be important m the dynamics of larger molecules, and whether their investigation at the same level of detail will be profitable or tractable. 

A valuable resource, reviewing both theoretical and experimental progress on coherent control to date. 

For very fast reactions, the competition between geminate recombmation of a pair of initially fomied reactants and its escape from the connnon solvent cage is an important phenomenon in condensed-phase kinetics that has received considerable attention botli theoretically and experimentally. An extremely well studied example is the... 

There are tluee very important sources of up-to-date infonnation on all aspects of Raman spectroscopy. Although papers dealing with Raman spectroscopy have appeared and will continue to appear in nearly every major chemical physics-physical chemistry based serial. The Journal of Raman Spectroscopy [35] is solely devoted to all aspects, both theoretical and experimental, of Raman spectroscopy. It originated in 1973 and continues to be a constant source of mfonuation on modem applications of Raman spectroscopy. 

As one goes to higher orders, there are many other processes that can and do occur. Some are true fifth or seventh order processes and others are cascaded events arising from the sequential actions of lower order process [135]. Many of these cascaded sources of polarization interfere with the echo and quasi-echo signal and must be handled theoretically and experimentally. 

The nematic to smectic A phase transition has attracted a great deal of theoretical and experimental interest because it is tire simplest example of a phase transition characterized by tire development of translational order [88]. Experiments indicate tliat tire transition can be first order or, more usually, continuous, depending on tire range of stability of tire nematic phase. In addition, tire critical behaviour tliat results from a continuous transition is fascinating and allows a test of predictions of tire renonnalization group tlieory in an accessible experimental system. In fact, this transition is analogous to tire transition from a nonnal conductor to a superconductor [89], but is more readily studied in tire liquid crystal system. 

Mark, A. E., van Gunsteren, W. F. Decomposition of the free energy of a system in terms of specific interactions. Implications for theoretical and experimental studies. J. Mol. Biol. 240 (1994) 167-176... 

E. Barth, M. Mandziuk, and T. Schlick. A separating framework for increasing the timestep in molecular dynamics. In W. F. van Gunsteren, P. K. Weiner, and A. J. Wilkinson, editors. Computer Simulation of Biomolecular Systems Theoretical and Experimental Applications, volume III, chapter 4, pages 97-121. ESCOM, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1997. 

The molecular mechanics or quantum mechanics energy at an energy minimum corresponds to a hypothetical, motionless state at OK. Experimental measurements are made on molecules at a finite temperature when the molecules undergo translational, rotational and vibration motion. To compare the theoretical and experimental results it is... 

TABLE 10.4 Theoretical and experimental partial rate factors for the nitration of the quinolinium ion... 

A precipitation gravimetric analysis must have several important attributes. Eirst, the precipitate must be of low solubility, high purity, and of known composition if its mass is to accurately reflect the analyte s mass. Second, the precipitate must be in a form that is easy to separate from the reaction mixture. The theoretical and experimental details of precipitation gravimetry are reviewed in this section. 

Gopper, G. L. Gapillary Electrophoresis Part 1. Theoretical and Experimental Background, /. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 343-347. 

For the case of a < terms higher than first order in this expression are negligible and the result becomes identical to Eq. (3.39). However, the derivation of Eq. (3.49) does not limit its applicability to these small values of a. Figure 3.5 shows that experimental results are still not exactly described by Eq. (3.49), although the general shape of the theoretical and experimental lines is similar. 

Soum and Fontanillet prepared a living polymer of 2-vin yl pyridine using benzyl picolyl magnesium as the initiator. The values of were measured experimentally for polymers prepared with different concentrations of initiator and different initial concentrations of monomer. The results are given below calculate the theoretical molecular weights expected if polymerization proceeds completely from 100% predissociated initiator and compare the theoretical and experimental values ... 

Figure 8.3b shows that phase separation in polymer mixtures results in two solution phases which are both dilute with respect to solute. Even the relatively more concentrated phase is only 10-20% by volume in polymer, while the more dilute phase is nearly pure solvent. The important thing to remember from both the theoretical and experimental curves of Fig. 8.3 is that both of the phases which separate contain some polymer. If it is the polymer-rich or precipitated phase that is subjected to further work-up, the method is called fractional precipitation. If the polymer-poor phase is the focus of attention, the method... 

W. E. van Gunsteren and P. K. Weiner, eds.. Computer Simulations ofBiomolecular Systems Theoretical and Experimental Applications, ESCOM, Leiden, the Netherlands, 1989. 

Fig. 10. Comparison of theoretical (—) and experimental (-) concentration and temperature breakthrough curves for sorption of mixtures...

Although there has been theoretical and experimental interest in the effects of ion bombardment on materials since about 1960 (153), the growth in ion implantation technology and appHcations since then is due almost solely to the semiconductor (integrated circuit) industry. The advantages of ion implantation for semiconductor doping were first pointed out in 1955 (154), but these advantages were not widely accepted until about 1970. 

Aircraft Reactors. As early as World War II, the U.S. Army Air Force considered the use of a nuclear reactor for the propulsion of aircraft (62—64). In 1946 the nuclear energy for propulsion of aircraft (NEPA) program was set up at Oak Ridge, under Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation. Basic theoretical and experimental studies were carried out. The emphasis was on materials. A high temperature reactor was built and operated successfiiUy. 

Direct quantitation of receptor concentrations and dmg—receptor interactions is possible by a variety of techniques, including fluorescence, nmr, and radioligand binding. The last is particularly versatile and has been appHed both to sophisticated receptor quantitation and to dmg screening and discovery protocols (50,51). The use of high specific activity, frequendy pH]- or p lj-labeled, dmgs bound to cmde or purified cellular materials, to whole cells, or to tissue shces, permits the determination not only of dmg—receptor saturation curves, but also of the receptor number, dmg affinity, and association and dissociation kinetics either direcdy or by competition. Complete theoretical and experimental details are available (50,51). 

Given stringent requirements for effective sensitizers and the desire to use wavelengths further to the red for therapeutic appHcations, definition of newer sensitizers has been a principal area of research since about 1987. Expanded theoretical and experimental understanding of photophysics has been a key element in identifying new classes of potential sensitizers (93—98). Research has focused on cationic derivatives of Nile Blue (93), metaHo-phthalocyanines (94), naphthalocyanines (95), chlorin-type compounds (96), expanded ring porphyrinoids (97), as well as porphyrins other than hematoporphyrin and its derivatives (98). This work has also been reviewed (10,91). Instmmentation for photodynamic therapy has been reviewed (99). 

Viscosity—Concentration Relationship for Dilute Dispersions. The viscosities of dilute dispersions have received considerable theoretical and experimental treatment, partly because of the similarity between polymer solutions and small particle dispersions at low concentration. Nondeformable spherical particles are usually assumed in the cases of molecules and particles. The key viscosity quantity for dispersions is the relative viscosity or viscosity ratio,... 

Continuous zone-refining techniques have been developed, both theoretically and experimentally (1,4,10—11). 

A. Eklund, D. Simonsson, R. Kadsson, and E. N. Bark, "Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Eree Convection and Stratification of... 

Butadiene, the simplest conjugated diene, has been the subject of intensive theoretical and experimental studies to understand its physical and chemical properties. The conjugation of the double bonds makes it 15 kJ/mole (3.6 kcal/mol) (13) more thermodynamically stable than a molecule with two isolated single bonds. The r-trans isomer, often called the trans form, is more stable than the s-cis form at room temperature. Although there is a 20 kJ/mole (4.8 kcal/mol) rotational barrier (14,15), rapid equiUbrium allows reactions to take place with either the s-cis or r-trans form (16,17). 

Mechanical Properties. Measuremeat of the mechanical properties of diamoad is compHcated, and references should be consulted for the vahous qualifications (7,34). Table 1 compares the theoretical and experimental bulk modulus of diamond to that for cubic BN and for SiC (29) and compares the compressive strength of diamond to that for cemented WC, and the values for the modulus of elasticity E to those for cemented WC and cubic BN. 

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