Experimental and theoretical activities in Indonesia

A feasibility study has been initiated by the IAEA to investigate the application of the HTGR for cogeneration purposes of CO2 conversion, desalination, and H2 production in terms of economy zmd technology [17]. 

The prerequisite of minimal emission of CO2 into the atmosphere has suggested the nuclear option in exploiting the Natuna gas field. Six alternatives have been identified as being feasible and economically competitive, distinguished by the desired product methanol or methane (or hydrogen) and by the CO2 consumption [14]  

Formic acid is a product of the chemical industry and could again attention as a future fuel for fuel cells [13]. 

The thermally enhanced oil recovery process by steam flooding is a tertiary recovery method. A four-unit HTGR power plant with 200 MW(th) each for cogeneration of steam (530 °C, 15 MPa) and electricity (25 - 30 MW(e)) has been proposed to exploit the Duri oil field which currently represents the largest steam flood project in the world. Peak production has reached 300,000 bbl/d which requires 4,000 - 5,(KX) t/h of steam consuming 20 % of the oil produced. However, the present oil price development does not allow the economic employment of HTGRs for this type of oil recovery [57]. 

Two hydrogen production plants are presently being operated in Indonesia used in oil refinery, ammonia synthesis, and methanol production. The capacities are 1.8 10 Nm and 2.1 10 Nm, respectively. The H2 is generated from steam reforming of natural gas. It is projected to replace fossil fuels in industrial processes, in the transportation sector, and in households. 

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