Experimental and theoretical activities in Germany

In Germany, the potential of reducing CO2 output through different hydrogen substitutions is not very high because of the specific energy demand structure. Due to its 

In Toronto, the recommendation given was to reduce worldwide CO7 emission by 20 % until 2005 and by at least 50 % until 2050. 

At present, nuclear power in Germany does merely contribute to the heat market. So far it is just one plant, PWR Stade, to deliver 40 MW(th) to an industrial company in the vicinity of the plant Saturated steam of 190 °C at a pressure of 1.05 MPa is provided at a rate of 60 t/h for condensation of a saline solution. Total delivery since 1983 winded up to 5.4 million tons of steam equivalent to 690 GWh by the end of 1996. 

In a project of the German chemical company BASF, the installation of a nuclear power plant for cogeneration of electricity and process steam was planned. It was designed in two units for the generation of 1200 MW electricity and 3000 t/h of steam. Technical problems, e.g. storage of steam, and safety issues in connection with the central location within the chemical complex have finally stopped this project. 

A concept of an evolutionary reactor is pursued with the joint French / German European Pressurized Water Reactor , EPR, a 1525 MW(e) plant with evolutionary steam generating system and innovative double-walled containment [20]. A three years basic design phase as a prerequisite for the beginning of the licensing procedure was finished in 1997. The characteristic feature is a core catcher to restrict a possible core melt to the power plant itself. The joint effort by Germany ind France, however, finds in both countries a situation where no further base load is required. The EPR, confirmed as a future standard in France, is projected to substitute decommissioned nuclear plants. 

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