The Way Ahead

In terms of ocean disposal of carbon dioxide, further studies must be undertaken in the areas of physical chemistry, oceanography and marine biology to establish the fate of the carbon dioxide that is injected and its impact on the sea-bed ecology. This will necessitate both small-scale laboratory studies and pilot-scale demonstrations in carefully selected areas where the environmental consequences will be localized. Considerable effort will be required to demonstrate to a sceptical public that the practice would give rise to no adverse consequences. At the end of the day, should geological storage prove to be unsatisfactory or insecure, the ultimate choice may lie between release to the atmosphere or to the oceans, and the latter may be the lesser environmental evil. For this reason, if for no other, it is important to continue investigating marine disposal as a fall-back option. 

Dell and D.A.J. Rand, Clean Energy, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2004. 

Overview of CO2 Emission Sources, Potential, Transport and Geographic Distribution of Storage Possibilities, Workshop on Carbon 

Dioxide Capture and Storage, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Regina, Canada, 18—21 November 2002. 

The Hydrogen Economy Opportunities, Costs, Barriers and R D Needs, National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering of the National Academies, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2004. 

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The Bom-Oppenheimer approximation shows us the way ahead for a polyelec-tronic molecule comprising n electrons and N nuclei for most chemical applications we want to solve the electronic time-independent Schrodinger equation... 

Although the present situation and the way ahead appear uncertain, it is clear that enzyme treatment alone does not fulfil the technical requirements for shrink-resist finishing. Even with enzyme treatment, some degree of chlorination (with the attendant AOX problems) and/or application of a resin will still be required. Two-stage or even three-stage processes have been proposed [116] ... 

If the spectrum is satisfactory, you can get to work on it. Can you identify any obvious impurities or solvents that might be present Crossing them off at this stage is a valuable exercise in data reduction and clears the way ahead so that you can concentrate on the important peaks. 

The work of Corrigan and Weaver clearly shows the power of in situ FTIR in terms both of the excellent quality of the spectra that can be obtained with relatively uncomplicated instrumentation and of the fact that it points the way ahead for in situ infrared spectroscopy. 

Matzner, D., PBMR project status and the way ahead, in Proc. of the 2nd International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology, Beijing, September 22-24, 2004. 

Brown (62) has recently shown that the presently available theory for the interpretation of EXELFS data is inadequate. In his study of the layered BN structure he found that whereas the distances to first nearest neighbours could be satisfactorily extracted from EXELFS data, second nearest-neighbour distances could not. The way ahead (62), here, is for the theory to be extended and tested against several known structures composed of light elements. 

The way ahead lies in brushless direct drives or imbalance compensation systems that can only be realized with the application of electronics. 

For gas heaters, intelligent firing systems are the way ahead, which means improved combustion control due to automatic monitoring of the combustion process and closed-loop control at all times. 

EC (European Commission) (2007a). Limiting Global Climate Change to 2° Celsius. The way ahead for 2020 and beyond. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Commission of the European Communities, COM(2007), 2 final. 

In view of these observations, one would like to establish the Ising-like nature of the critical point by an RG treatment. Unfortunately, lattice models, as successfully applied to describe the criticality of nonionic fluids, may be of little help in this regard, because predictions for the Coulomb gas have proved to be surprisingly different from those for the continuum RPM. Discretization effects—and, more generally, the relevance of the results of lattice models with respect to the fluid—still need to be explored in detail. On the other hand, an RG treatment of the RPM or UPM is still lacking and, as Fisher [278] notes, the way ahead remains misty. 

P. F. Greenfield, The Way Ahead, The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, Sustainable Australia, Academy Symposium, November 2000. Available at http //www.atse.org.au/publications/symposia/proc-2000p20.htm, March 4, 2004. 

In 1992 a successor conference, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro. It considered (Hogress since Stockholm in order to chart the way ahead. Its theme was sustainable development and it was held under the auspices of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The UN Commission f(Mr Sustainable Development emerged from this meeting. Additionally, UNEP was given a strengthened role. 

This avalanche of questions denotes that studies on chemical communication in Anomura are just beginning to gather momentum. The way ahead may be long and harsh, but the promises of an exciting progress towards a better understanding of animal communication make it worth being followed. 

For the Gesellschaft fiir Schwerionenforschung (GSI), which I helped initiating in the sixties, the questions raised here could point to the way ahead. The FAIR project, meanwhile approved by the funding agencies, can—at least to some extent—follow this path. 

Holt, J., Solomon, F. (1996). Engineering education—The way ahead. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, 7(1), 47-60. 

The concept of receptor-mediated endocytosis was new, and pointed the way ahead for cell biology of the 20th century. This general mechanism enables cells to incorporate large molecules, bound to specific cell-surface receptors, via a membrane invagination process. LDL receptors are found on almost all cells of the body. Those in the fiver are however crucial for homoeostasis, since this is where excess of cholesterol is metabolised to bile adds and excreted. 

The further development and application of integrated computer-assisted design and drafting is the way ahead, but the choices of methodology to be made for a real, present-day project have to be carefully considered, in particular the need and availability of suitably qualified staff to handle the project s peak load requirement. 

Where does the way ahead lie At the technical level there must be increased recognition that perfect solutions are neither possible on repository-relevant timescales nor, indeed, are they required for justifiable project decisions. It is more inq ortant that we concentrate on understanding the effects of uncertainties in our current models and data and on providing reasonable assiurance that these current approaches will not underpredict potential releases of radioactive materials from repositories. 

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