The road traffic Acts

The analysis of alcohol solutions has become very important due to the implications of the Road Traffic Act (1972) which requires the estimation of small amounts of ethanol in blood and/or urine. This experiment demonstrates the most frequently used method—GLC using an internal standard. Before the advent of GC the method most frequently used involved the chromate oxidation of ethanol. The most satisfactory method of quantitative analysis in GC involves the calibration of the detector response for the compound of analytical interest against a reference compound. This internal standardisation technique involves adding a known amount of reference compound to both sample and standard solutions. The detector response factor (I>rf) of an analyte component relative to the internal standard (IS) can be evaluated by running a sample containing the internal standard and each of the sample components, all in accurately known concentration. Thus, the response factor for compound A can be calculated as follows ... 

The Road Traffic Act 1988 states that in constructing new roads, [local authorities] must take such measures as appear to the authority to be appropriate to reduce the possibilities of such accidents when the roads come into use. The wording was, in fact, very similar in the 1974 Road Traffic Act. This is sometimes interpreted as a statutory basis for Road Safety Audit work. 

Some solicitors working on behalf of road accident victims may interpret this section of the Road Traffic Act as a legal obligation to... 

The Road Traffic Acts also deal with offences connected with the driving of motor vehicles and of traffic generally, accidents, road safety, licensing of drivers, driving instruction, restrictions on the use of motor vehicles, periodic testing of vehicles to ensure that they are roadworthy etc. 

Injuries occurring while an employee is working on another company s premises should be reported to his employer either by the injured person himself or by the company on whose premises the injury occurred. For accidents on the road to drivers, while these would normally come under the Road Traffic Act 1972, the driver if he can should inform his employer, otherwise the police would do so. 

An individual who breaks criminal law is deemed to have committed an offence or crime and, if he is prosecuted, the court will determine whether he is guilty or not. If he is found guilty, the court could sentence him to a fine or imprisonment. Due to this possible loss of liberty, the level of proof required by a criminal court is very high and is known as proof beyond reasonable doubt , which is as near certainty as possible. While the prime object of a criminal court is the allocation of punishment, the court can award compensation to the victim or injured party. One example of criminal law is the Road Traffic Acts which are enforced by the police. However, the police are not the only criminal law enforcement agency. The Health and Safety at Work Act is another example of criminal law and this is enforced either by the Health and Safety Executive or Local Authority Environmental Health Officers. Other agencies which enforce criminal law include the Fire Authority, the Environment Agency, Trading Standards and Customs and Excise. 

These requirements are in addition to the duties employers have under road traffic law, e.g. the Road Traffic Act and Road Vehicle (Construction and Use) Regulations, which are administered by the police and other agencies such as the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency. 

In these Regulations lead means lead (including lead alkyls, lead alloys, any compounds of lead and lead as a constituent of any substance or material) which is liable to be inhaled, ingested or otherwise absorbed by persons except where it is given off from the exhaust of a vehicle on a road within the meaning of section 192 of the Road Traffic Act 1988. 

The second, the Road Traffic Act 1988 (HMG, 1988), describes statutory road safety duties for local highway authorities in England and Wales. Section 39 of the Act states that each local authority ... 

It could seem that this section of the Road Traffic Act implies a legal obligation to carry out Road Safety Audits on new roads. In the case of Lamer v. Solihull Metropolitan Council in 2001, the court ruled that this section of the Act places a general duty on the local authority but that the local authority would only be in breach of the Act if it had acted in a totally irresponsible manner. The case of Gorringe v. Calderdale Borough Council made it clear that this is a target duty only and should be balanced against other duties placed on the local authority. 

Cases such as Lamer v. Solihull Metropolitan Council and Gorringe v. Calderdale Borough Council show that it is difficult for a claimant to establish a breach of duty of care using the Road Traffic Act. 

Where a risk arises from road traffic, a sign prescribed by the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 may be used if it is appropriate. 

The 1988 Road Traffic Act, states that each local authority ... 

Except for mines or tips signs used for regulating road traffic are prescribed under the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1967. 

A system must be in place to ensure that all accidents involving damage to vehicles, property or third parties will be reported immediately to management. Not all road vehicle accidents are classed as Road Traffic Act accidents and therefore (currently) non-reportable to the Health and Safety Executive, and best practice demands that this distinction should be ignored in any case. 

The basis for the TUVs activities was originally the Trade Ordinance [GewO 90], whose 24 prescribes the inspection of boilers. The collection of standards has been developed continuously in the course of the years and today the Atomic Act and the Road Traffic Authorisation Ordinance for automobiles form along with the Trade Ordinance the basis for our work. 

The term primary pollutants describes those pollutants which are emitted directly to the atmosphere from sources such as road traffic, power plants, and industry. Their emissions are described in emissions inventories which are compiled on spatial scales relating to the nature of the pollutant itself. Thus, for pollutants having a local impact on health, emissions inventories are likely to be compiled on a spatially disaggregated grid basis within a city, whereas for a globally acting pollutant, the location of emission is... 

Street works present particular hazards to pedestrians and many of these hazards are discussed in Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10. Work on a pavement or road is hazardous for both members of the public and the construction workers. Pavements should be kept clear of tripping hazards, such as trailing cables. The site must be well lit at night. Road traffic past the site may also need to be controlled to protect the workforce. Members of the public and traffic vehicles must also be protected from the elbows of loaders, excavators and cranes which may swing into their path. More detailed advice is available from the Code of Practice Safety at street works and road works related to the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991. The following points for the protection of pedestrians should be considered when work in streets or similar areas is being planned ... 

One hypothesis that may apply to the above sub-groups is that certain psychological characteristics may hamper information processing and decision-making in ways that increase accident risk or, more specifically, that conflicts in road traffic may trigger drivers to act in ways that hamper, distort or abort the perception of risk that is necessary to process information and make rational decisions. 

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