The Oscilloscope

The oscilloscope is an instrument that permits the study of rapidly changing phenomena, such as a sinusoidal voltage or the pulse of a counter. The phenomenon is observed on a fluorescent screen as shown in Fig. 1.10. The horizontal axis of the screen measures time. The vertical axis gives volts. 

In radiation measurements the oscilloscope is used to check the quality of the signal as well as the level and type of the electronic noise. It is always a good practice before any measurement is attempted to examine the signal at the output of the amplifier. A few examples of good and bad pulses are shown in Fig. 1.11. In Fig. 1.11, a and b represent good pulses, and Fig. 1.11c is probably 

Modem oscilloscopes provide analog as well as digital signals. 

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Another advantage with the system is that the quality of the scanning, in terms of the angle towards the weld and track partition is increased compared to manual ultrasonic testing due to the fact that the scanning technician is able to concentrate on the object rather than on the oscilloscope while scanning. 

An ac and/or dc current probe for the oscilloscope. Especially needed for switching power supply design. Some appropriate models are Tektronics P6021 or P6022 and A6302 or A6303, or better. 

The alternate method uses the proximity probes and an oscilloscope. A Lissajous figure is established on the oscilloscope. The orbit pattern and the keyphase mark are used to generate a vector. Weights are added or removed and the changes in the orbit are noted. Triangulation is used to anticipate the next move. For more complete information or technique, the reader is referred to a book on the subject by Jackson [ 1 ]. 

The stopped-flow method generates ordinary kinetic data, presenting values of the property Y, as a function of time. At one time, values were read from a Polaroid photograph of the oscilloscope, but nowadays computer acquisition, presentation, and... 

Procedure Set up an acoustic reactor in a light-proof cabinet with a photomultiplier (PM) tube positioned facing the cell as shown in Fig. 15.3a and b. Fill the cell with distilled water and close the cabinet. A potential should now be applied to the PM tube, the output (spectrally integrated) of which is produced on an oscilloscope (note that the ultrasound cell can easily be placed inside a commercial spectrometer in order to record the emission spectrum). Switch on the ultrasound and you should observe on the oscilloscope a change in voltage, directly proportional to the intensity of sonoluminescence emission. The following experiments can be performed to explore the different types of light emission and some of the factors that influence these emission processes. 

The most important piece of equipment on your bench is the oscilloscope. In Chapter 7,... 

Newman and Lerner (N2) have used an arrangement where the signal picked up by a microphone attached to the flat surface below the orifice plate is amplified and fed to a loud speaker. The amplified bubble signal is then fed to one pair of fixed contacts of a double-pole double-throw switch of which the other pair of fixed contacts is connected to an audio-frequency generator. The movable contacts of the switch are connected to the vertical and ground terminals of an oscilloscope. This arrangement permits the observation of either the bubble signal or the sine wave as a function of the internal linear time-base of the oscilloscope. 

The signal, amplified to a good sound level at the loudspeaker, is fed to the vertical input of the oscilloscope. A stationary trace is obtained on the oscilloscope. The frequency of the sine wave of the oscilloscope is varied until a single trace is obtained. This frequency is then equal to the frequency of bubble formation. 

Adjust the pulse/funetion generator with the aid of the oscilloscope to create a sine wave as shown in Figure S-2 with an amplitude accuracy of +5 percent or better. 

An oscilloscope and a camera were used to record the output voltage of die crystal detector. The oscilloscope was triggered from the ionization switch probe by the detonation and a dielectric rod waveguide (such as described in Ref 18a) was used as a transmission line between the instrumentation and the sample. The dielectric rod waveguide was expandable and acted as a mode selector to launch a pure mode of transmission in the sample. The location of sample, detonator and ionization switch are shown in Fig 30. The standard rectangular waveguide from the instrumentation shown in Fig 29 was converted to circular waveguide by a transition. A polystyrene rod... 

LASL, Los Alamos, NM. The transducer described in his paper and shown in Fig 31 was in the form of an uncharged parallel-plate capacitor which had an explosive as a dielectric. One plate was connected to the signal input terminal of an oscilloscope, while the other plate was grounded and acted as part of the attenuator in the boosting system. When the shock wave in the grounded attenuator plate hir the explosive, a voltage appeared across the capacitor and a pulse appeared on the oscilloscope. Two oscilloscopes were used to record the waveform of the current in the transducer circuit which consisted of a small capacitance shunted by the small resistance of the signal cable. 

In the current apparatus, the TOF signal was displayed on a 400-MHz analog oscilloscope. The waveform from the screen was coupled into an IBM personal computer for data analysis and storage. In general, TOF experiments are carried out under single-shot measurements, which means that the single-event bandwidth of the oscilloscope must be much larger than l/t-p. 

The oscilloscopes also have a built-in cursor measurement facility which helps in measuring the period between pulses with accuracy better than 1%. The plotter can be attached to the oscilloscope to have a hard copy record. 

The time interval needed for the detonation wave to travel the pre-determined distance between two probes is measured using built-in cursors of the oscilloscope. The detonation velocity is then calculated as a quotient of the distance between two probes(d) and corresponding time interval (t). Similarly the VOD is... 

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