Noise, electronic

While the thermal noise and the back-action noise are proportional to tm, the series noise is proportional to there is an optimal measurement time. 

The total noise budget must be compared to the standard quantum limit. Using the spread Mco Gx in the uncertainty principle, it is possible to deduce the minimum detectable strain  

TABLE I Main Parameters of the Resonant Detectors Currently in Operation 

For a typical bar with a mass of 1 ton and a length of 3 m, resonant at 1 kHz, 10 on the order of the relevant astrophysical signals. Having fixed the frequency of interest, there is not too much room to improve the limit since the sound velocity is not varying very much from material to material thus the size of the bar is fixed as well. 

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More accurately, as the inverse problem process computes a quadratic error with every point of a local area around a flaw, we shall limit the sensor surface so that the quadratic error induced by the integration lets us separate two close flaws and remains negligible in comparison with other noises or errors. An inevitable noise is the electronic noise due to the coil resistance, that we can estimate from geometrical and physical properties of the sensor. Here are the main conclusions ... 

Noise Equivalent Power. The total system electronic noise V j may be combiaed with the responsivity, to give the noise equivalent power equation ... 

The NEP may be written in terms of the detector element active area, the number of detector pixels elements cormected for additive output the electronic noise bandwidth B and the detector element detectivity, D. Typically = 1, but may be increased for improved sensitivity with an attendant loss in resolution. 

Fig. 13. Expected signal and noise levels for RE-TM alloys and Pt/Co multilayers (schematic). The total noise entering the SNR is the sum of the system noise, disk noise, and write noise. The system noise is electronic noise and photon shot noise and is comparable for disks with the same reflectivity.

The fact that we have peaks within a 2D space implies that where no peak is found represents a true detector baseline or electronic noise level. In a conventional petroleum sample, a complex unresolved mixture response causes an apparent detector baseline rise and fall throughout the GC trace. It is probably a fact that in this case the true electronic baseline is never obtained. We have instead a chemical baseline comprising small response to many overlapping components. This immediately suggests that we should have more confidence in peak area measurements in the GC X GC experiment. 

Two major problems restricting the ability to acquire accurate vibration data at low frequencies are electronic noise and the response characteristics of the transducer. The electronic noise of the monitored machine and the noise floor of the electronics within the vibration analyzer tend to override the actual vibration components found in low-speed machinery. 

Sub-harmonic frequencies (i.e., less than the actual shaft speed) are the primary evaluation tool for fluid-film bearings and they must be monitored closely. A narrowband window that captures the full range of vibration frequency components between electronic noise and running speed is an absolute necessity. 

There will be new developmenfs in fhe area of amplifier design during fhe nexf few years that may break the 1 electron noise barrier. Photon-noise lim-... 

Cryoprobe Probe offering greatly enhanced sensitivity by the reduction of thermal electronic noise achieved by maintaining probe electronics at or near liquid helium temperature. 

Electronic noise. For a noise amplitude of 0.1 A only atoms separated by 4A can be resolved. Thus, the electronics must be carefully shielded, with the pre-amplifier stage placed as close to the tip as possible and the STM itself placed in a Faraday cage. 

An electronic noise component is also generated by the transfer of charges and by the preamplifier. For each readout process, one readout noise is generated. This readout noise is not very sensitive to temperature but increases with reading-out speed. Readout noise for a HCCD is about 10 electrons RMS or less. 

Electronic noise, identified via rise-time characteristics, shown rising to 30 times background rate for 15-mL gas proportional counter. A tiny fraction of such noise, not identified by means such as pulse shape analysis, could invalidate results which presume that the background is stable to < 10%. 

Sensitivity performance has improved greatly in the last two decades. The benchmark noise level of 1x10 AU/cm, thought at one time to be the physical limit of UVWis detection imposed by short-term source fluctuations, thermal flow noise and electronic noise, is now surpassed by... 

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