The National Institute Of Occupational Safety

Magnesium vanadates, as vanadium compounds in general, are known irritants of the respiratory tract and conjunctiva. The threshold limit value (TLV) for vanadium compounds in air recommended by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health is 0.05 mg/m based on a typical 8-h workday and 40-h workweek (7,147). Chronic inhalation can lead to lung diseases such as bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and lobar pneumonia. These dust-related effects can be avoided by use of individual respirators in areas where exposure is likely. 

The identification of pollution prevention options has become a maintenance requirement. In addition to these requirements, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) performed its first investigation of indoor air quahty. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has also begun to research air quahty. 

High performance Hquid chromatography (hplc) may be used to determine nitroparaffins by utilizing a standard uv detector at 254 nm. This method is particularly appHcable to small amounts of nitroparaffins present, eg, in nitro alcohols (qv), which caimot be analyzed easily by gas chromatography. Suitable methods for monitoring and deterrnination of airborne nitromethane, nitroethane, and 2-nitropropane have been pubUshed by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (97). Ordinary sorbant tubes containing charcoal are unsatisfactory, because the nitroparaffins decompose on it unless the tubes are held in dry ice and analyzed as soon after collection as possible. 

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), under the Department of Health and Human Services, works with OSHA. It is NIOSH s responsibihty to determine safe exposure limits for chemical substances and to recommend to OSHA that these limits be adopted as standards. 

Standard sampling instruments and procedures have been developed by OSHA with the assistance of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 

Supported by Grant AT(11-1)-3140 from the U.S. Energy Research Development Agency and by Public Health Service Contract HSM 99-72-24 from the National Institute of Occupational Safety Health. 

Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health (IDLH) This is a standard set by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) which limits exposure to any toxic, corrosive, or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life, or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects, or world interfere with an individual s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. 

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have established a limit of 0.1 mg endrin per cubic meter of air (0.1 mg/m3) averaged over an 8-hour day in an occupational setting for a 40-hour work week. In addition, NIOSH considers that a person could escape within 30 minutes from a concentration of 2,000 mg/m3 without respiratory protection and without experiencing any escape-impairing or irreversible health effects. 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge many useful discussions with Gordon Edwards, Tsai Y. Fan, Ira Krull, David Rounbehler and Martin Wolf. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. ENV75-20802, The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) under Contract 210-77-001 and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Contract No. 68-02-2766. Any opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF, NIOSH or EPA. 

The toxic properties of chemicals can be found in a reference such as Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference (Sax and Lewis 1987), which lists a number of chemicals alphabetically by name. For instance, n-butane is classified (by the Department of Transportation) as a flammable gas, is moderately toxic via inhalation, causes drowsiness, is an asphyxiant, poses very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers, and is highly explosive when exposed to flame. Information about safety and environment is also provided and updated by websites maintained by government agencies, such as the U.S. EPA, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, and the National Safety Data Sheet. 

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NlOSHl and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reported in 1978 that the three primary benzidine-based azo dyes, namely Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6. and Direct Brown 95, were carcinogenic in animals as a result of being converted to benzidine. These dyes are characterized by having a biphenyl diazo linkage ... 

RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances a database maintained by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The goal of the database, is to include data on all known toxic substances, along with the concentration at which toxicity is known to occur. There... 

Approximately three decades ago, the U.S. government created the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemicals (RTECS) database (www.ccohs.ca/education/asp/search rtecs.html). Initially available in book form only, it became later available on CD-ROM, from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, USA, or affiliated vendors (e.g., the Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety [CCOHS] www.ccohs.ca). This database contains information on approximately 120,000 substances, including (where available) acute and chronic toxicity data for terrestrial organisms, primarily mammalian species, such as rats, mice, rabbits, monkeys, and humans. This database will be transferred to the private sector in the near future for maintenance. RTECS cannot be searched by structure, but by name, formula, CAS, and several other means. CCOHS provides also a website which allows limited searching of the RTECS database at ccin-foweb.ccohs.ca/rtecs/search.html, but access to data is for subscribers only. 

When using ERPG data, keep in mind that human responses vary widely and that particular responses cannot be attributed to exact levels of exposure. Other sources of hazards data in some case can be found in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) issued by the manufacturer of the material or in the National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health (NIOSH) publication NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS, 1990). 

Figure 4 is a spectrum of a filter from the Proficiency Analytical Testing Program (PAT) conducted by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) which contained 103 micrograms as determined by this lab. PAT filters are prepared with 2 mg of sodium silicate as a contaminant. A baseline approximation as described fo Figure 1 is not possible due to the interfering peak at 845 cm. When a spectrum of this type is encountered, a line is drawn from the two minimums on either side of the quartz doublet peak as illustrated by the dotted line in Figure 4. 

The authors would like to express their appreciation to the NIOSH Project Officer, Dr. Janet Haartz for the constructive criticism and support during the course of this work. They also gratefully acknowledge the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health for their financial support of this work through Contract 210-76-0151. 

Solution aspiration rates, fuel and oxidant mixtures, gas flow rates, burner choice, matrix effects and interelement interferences must all be taken into account when using flame AAS. While optimal choices for the above parameters vary from instrument to instrument, recommendations which afford reasonable starting points for operation have been published by both the Intersociety Committee for Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis (ISC) [7] and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) [8]. These recommendations were the result of ISC efforts supported by both the United States Environmental Protection Agency and NIOSH. 

One essentially unexplored area for hair analysis is its application to the investigation of environmental toxin exposure. We received a research grant during 1979 from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health to explore the possibility of using hair analysis for monitoring exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs). Although the analytical chemical problems of this project were successfully solved, we were unable to mount successful field studies with human subjects. 

Exposure limits The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set 50 ppm as the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for an 8-hour work period (time weight average [TWA]), and a short-term exposure limit (STEL 15 minutes) as 35 ppm. OSHA and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have set a limit of 500 ppm as immediately dangerous to life and health. ... 

A large number of industrial chemicals are hindering children s development, lowering IQ scores, and triggering attention and behavior disorders. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) studies have revealed a large number of chemical substances that cause damage to the human nervous system. The Lancet identified 201 chemicals with the ability to cause neurological effects in humans. Many chemical substances with neurotoxic potential have not been... 

By the year 1956, more than 100 cases of illnesses and four cases of death due to poisoning by TDI were reported (Baader, 1956). In view of the increased use of isocyanates, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, USA, projected as early as 1978 that approximately 50,000 to 100,000 workers would be exposed to these chemicals within 2 years (NIOSH, 1978) this estimate was based on exposure at the workplace in polyurethane production, upholstery work, wire coating, and spray painting in the absence of any accidental spill (Axford et al, 1976 Editorial, 1966 Fuchs and Valade, 1951 Hill, 1970 Williamson, 1965). 

Acetylene is recognized internationally as a simple asphyxiant. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists recommends that atmospheres containing acetylene have a minimum oxygen concentration of 18%. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health has a recommended exposure limit for acetylene of 2500 ppm as a ceiling. 

The charter agencies of the NTP were the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the NIH, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Food and Drug Administration s National Center for Toxicological Research. In 1981, the... 

To protect patients and health care workers, it is essential to determine the responsible hazardous chemical as early in the decontamination process as possible. Based on previous experience with hazardous exposures, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommend level B protection as a minimal precaution (see Table 3.1) before the offending substance is identified (11). However, if available evidence suggests that the substance involves the skin as a route of exposure or is dangerous by dermal absorption or corrosion, health care workers and others coming in contact with victims require the additional skin protection of Level A PPE (9). 

This hardware still exists at the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health in Spokane, Washington. Testing showed that the nitrogen oxide production was much lower than when the engine was operated on diesel fuel and of course, there was no carbon dioxide, earbon monoxide or unbumed hydrocarbons in the exhaust. It has been successfully operated in the first quarter of 2001. Figure 7.4... 

Occupational exposures to 2-butoxyetlranol and 2-butoxyethanol acetate also occur primarily via inhalation or dermal absorption. Estimates from the National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) conducted by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) indicate that from 1981 to 1983 more than 2 million workers were potentially exposed to 2-butoxyethanol, and more than 150,000 workers were potentially exposed to 2-butoxyethanol acetate (NIOSH 1989b). In addition to occupational exposures related to the production, processing, or handling of these chemicals, workers may be exposed to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-butoxyethanol acetate in a wide variety of occupations in which products containing these compounds are used. These occupations include janitors and cleaners, painters, mechanics, nurses and health aids, construction workers, printing machine operators, and furniture and wood finishers. 

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