Direct Black

Cl Direct Black 22 [6473-13-8] (Cl 35435) is an example of a tetrakisazo dye, (4,4 -dianainodiphenylainine-2-sulfoiiic acid bisdiazotized and coupled to 2 mol gamma acid which is then bisdiazotized and coupled to 2 mol y -phenylenediamine) which had production of 552 t in 1985. 

Table 8 fists some other direct blacks. Progress in the field of direct dyes is the development of reactant fixable dyes (indosol dyes). These dyes and the economics of dyeing processes have been reviewed (57,58). 

DHEW/NIOSH/NCI, Joiat Intelligence Bulletin No. 24, Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, and Direct Brown 95," Ben dine DerivedDjes, NIOSH Pubhcation No. 78—148, Dept, of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C., 1978. 

Chryene Cl Basic Red 9 Cl Direct Black 38 Cl Direct Blue 6 Cl Direct Red 28 Cl Disperse Blue 1 Clarified oils (petroleum),... 

Some direct dyes are sensitive to reduction or hydrolysis under alkaline conditions, particularly if temperatures above 100 °C are used (section 3.1.3) pH 6 is frequently favoured for stability and this can usually be achieved using ammonium sulphate. A few dyes give optimal results under alkaline conditions, using sodium carbonate or soap the tetra-amino dye Cl Direct Black 22 (12.22) is an example. Whether or not an addition is needed will depend on whether alkali is already present in the commercial brand. 

Enterococcus gallinarum Direct Black 38 The bacterium removed 53-63% of the dye in 24 h in minimal medium while 71-85% of decolourization was observed in Luria broth medium. [66]... 

Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. Congo Red, Direct Black 38 The complete decolorization was achieved at the end of 9 days of incubation in case of E. coli while Pseudomonas sp. decolorized in 5 days [68]... 

Effluent, sludge from textile treatment Direct Black-38, yeast extract Enterococcus gallinarum [46, 66]... 

Direct Black 38 Granulated anaerobic sludge mixed culture The dye was degraded and decolorized throughout the experimental period of 300 h. The batch anaerobic tests indicated that once reduced environments were established with glucose, decolorization occurs even at high dye concentrations [181]... 

Direct Black 38 Mixed microbial culture isolated from an aerobic bioreactor treating textile wastewater The dye was transformed into benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl followed by complete biodegradation of these toxic intermediates [134]... 

Bafana A, Krishnamurthi K, Devi SS, Chakarbrati T (2008) Bilogical decolourization of C.I. direct black 38 by Enterococcus gallinarum. J Hazard Mat 157 187-193... 

Sponza DT, Isk M (2004) Decolorization and inhibition kinetic of Direct Black 38 azo dye with granulated anaerobic sludge. Microbial Technol 34 147-154... 

Escherichia coli Pseudomonas sp. Congo red direct black 38 Bottle Batch... 

Sludge from methanogenic reactor Acid blue 113, direct black 22, sarasit blue sr UASB and aerobic CSTR Continuous... 

Sponza DT, Isik M (2005) Reactor performances and fate of aromatic amines through decolorization of Direct Black 38 dye under anaerobic-aerobic sequential. Process Biochem 40 35 14... 

IsiK M, Sponza DT (2004) Monitoring of toxicity and intermediates of C.I. Direct Black 38 azo dye through decolorization in an anaerobic-aerobic sequential reactor system. J Hazard Mater 114 29-39... 

Direct Yellow 12 Direct Green 6 Direct Brown 2 Direct Black 38 Direct Blue 15 Direct Red 23 Congo Red Direct Orange 26 Tartrazine P. chrysosporium ZrOCl2-activated pumice [54]... 

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