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The Historical Perspective

The idea of self-determination was not unknown when Wilson introduced it in 1914. Therefore, a chronological account must start earlier. Self-determination was clearly present already in the American as well as the French revolution that showed that people sought independence and freedom from heteronomy. These are possibly the two most prominent examples of self-determination from a European perspective. They exemplify the two dimensimis of self-determination that we today call external and internal self-determinatiOTi. The Americans fought for their independence from a state—the British Empire. The French people fought for more self-determination and changes within the system. The labels internal and external were introduced much later, but the American Revolution is an example of [Pg.185]

Batten, Minorities, Minority Rights and Internal Self-Determination, [Pg.185]

Perhaps you have previously encountered coordination compounds (sometimes referred to as transition metal complexes) as part of a general chemistry course. Due to time considerations, this subject is usually covered only briefly, if at all, in such courses. In Part I (Chapters 2-6) of this book, however, coordination chemistry will be the sole focus of our attention. Accordingly, we will be able to discuss systematically the history, nomenclature, structures, bonding theories, reactions, and applications of such compounds. (After a physical chemistry course, more of the mathematical and abstract theoretical details are usually developed.) In this chapter we cover the historical perspective regarding such compounds, introduce some typical ligands, and start to develop a system of nomenclature. [Pg.10]

Starting at the top of the first column, recall how some early laws had firmly established that chemical compounds are always made up of the same definite composition by mass (Proust) and that this mass is always conserved in various reactions (Lavoisier). These empirical (from experiment) facts led to the first concrete atomic theory, developed at the outset of the nineteenth century by the English chemist John Dalton. Dalton assumed that atoms were hard, impenetrable spheres much like miniature billiard balls. He had no occasion (at least in writing) to speculate about their inner structures. [Pg.10]

Atomic structure and the periodic table Molecular structure and bonding Coordination chemistry [Pg.11]

1774 Law of conservation of matter Lavoisier 1799 Law of definite composition Proust 1798 First cobalt ammonates observed Tassaert [Pg.11]

1859 Spectroscope developed Bunsen and Kirchhoff 1869 Mendeleev s first periodic table organizes 63 known elements 1885 Balmer formula for visible H spectrum 1894 First inert gas discovered 1895 X rays discovered Roentgen 1896 Radioactivity discovered Becquerel 1874 Tetrahedral carbon atom Le Bel and van t Hoff 1884 Dissociation theory of electrolytes Arrhenius 1869 Chain theory of ammonates Blomstrand 1884 Amendments to chain theory Jorgensen 1892 Werner s dream about coordination compounds [Pg.11]


Lever (1987) presents an excellent overview of the regulatory process involved in FDA oversight of drug development, and gives the historical perspective for the evolution of the conservative process that is designed to ensure that any new pharmaceutical is both safe and efficacious. [Pg.11]

In view of the historical perspective and future requirements, it is important to reduce the amount of reductants for the coupling reactions. In the future, molecular hydrogen or electricity should be used in lieu of zinc in stoichiometric amounts for the reductive coupling reactions. In addition, catalytic transformations should be developed that may include oxidation of the resulting reductive coupling products so as to adjust the oxidation state. [Pg.69]

Arylene ether/imide copolymers were prepared by the reaction of various amounts 4,4 -carbonylbis[Ar-(4 -hydroxyphenyl)phthalimide] and 4,4 -biphenoi with a stoichiometric portion of 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone in the presence of potassium carbonate in NMP/CHP [55]. To obtain high molecular weight polymer, the temperature of the reaction was kept below 155 °C for several hours before heating to >155°C in an attempt to avoid undesirable side reactions such as opening of the imide ring. The imide ring is not stable to conditions of normal aromatic nucleophilic polymerizations unless extreme care is exercised to remove water. Special conditions must be used to avoid hydrolysis of the imide as previously mentioned in the section on Other PAE Containing Heterocyclic Units and as practiced in the synthesis of Ultem mentioned in the Historical Perspective section. [Pg.106]

The historical perspective in chemistry is, alas, too often neglected in contemporary teaching. This fact is not unrelated to the confusion and infelicities which bedevil much of our nomenclature and notation (see Chapter 3). The historical reasons for the introduction of certain terminology are but dimly remembered and their validity is now highly questionable. [Pg.5]

Consider the historical perspective and whether other assessments of the same or comparable exposures have been carried out. [Pg.218]

Natural Products as Drugs and Leads to Drugs The Historical Perspective ... [Pg.3]

Since 2000, seven such agents have been approved for antiviral treatments covering anti-HIV, hepatitis B and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Rather than give details of each, we discuss below the importance of just two compounds of this class that would not have been synthesised without the historical perspective. [Pg.21]

By now, nearly every chemist has had some introduction to the subject of supercritical extraction in one form or another, and it would seem that after scores of papers, newsreleases, and trade journal articles, only so much can be said about the background and early findings, the thermodynamic interactions between dissolved solutes and high pressure gases, the equations of state that can correlate and predict solubility behavior, the many applications of the technology (some of which are in flavors), the full scale coffee and hops extraction plants now in operation, etc. What, then, can a paper entitled "Supercritical Fluids - Overview and Specific Examples in Flavors Applications" give that s new -hopefully, a different development of the historical perspective... [Pg.154]

Some of the historical perspective is extracted (no pun intended) from a previous paper of the author ( 1 ) and is expanded with a chronological development of solubility phenomena based upon an additional compilation of recent work on naphthalene-supercritical solvent systems. The new data on flavor extraction and fractionation point out the most unique feature of supercritical fluid solvents, viz., their often-demonstrated selective dissolving power properties, a selectivity that is achieved because the dissolving power of supercritical fluids is pressure-dependent and can, therefore, be adjusted. [Pg.155]

On the other hand, the historical perspective and operation of supercritical extraction was intended to supply the background to serve as an aid in appreciating the motivation for the current activities, not just in flavors extraction and characterization but for the process development being carried out in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and polymer industries. [Pg.174]

This compromise has resulted in the addition of two introductory chapters covering the historical perspective and the aspect of feasibility. The book in exact sense starts from chapter 3. Since for imderstanding the introductory chapters 1 and 2, some prior knowledge of Chemical and Metallurgical Thermodynamics is needed, a beginner should skip these two chapters during the first reading. [Pg.6]

While it is safe to say that SPR is a mature technique from the historical perspective, new driving forces appear to challenge traditional SPR for various needs that traditional SPR sensors fail to satisfy. In particular, a novel SPR biosensor that attempts to capitalize on the nanotechnology, by which to localize surface plasmons (SPs), has emerged and thus has been appropriately called a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor. In this chapter, 1 focus on the LSPR biosensor by reviewing its operating principles and properties in a systematic way and venture into future directions along which LSPR biosensors evolve. [Pg.183]

The initial results reported from a metrics system will often indicate performance below expectations. Initial data may be skewed until metrics data collection is reliably implemented, and performance may continue to drop as improvement opportunities are defined and implemented. This sometimes occurs when the historical perspective of performance is too optimistic because objective measures had not been used in the past. Implementing near-miss data collection is one example The number of reported near misses will probably increase as reliability of reporting improves, so the number of reported near misses is likely to climb during the initial implementation phases of near-miss data collection. Audiences of metrics reports should be prepared for such situations, so the result is expected and potential negative reactions are managed. [Pg.70]

In an organization that has not historically evaluated performance using objective data, the initial reported results may appear to indicate that performance has declined. This sometimes occurs when the historical perspective is too optimistic. For example, the number of near misses often increases as reliability of reporting improves. The recipients for metrics reports should be advised what to expect and provided explanation as to why the results may not meet expectations. The potential cultural impact, if left unaddressed, may raise doubt about the accuracy and value of the metrics reports, and these potential negative reactions need to be managed. [Pg.108]

Michel Keddam who suggested the presentation of the historical perspective in terms of the categories presented in Table 1... [Pg.542]


See other pages where The Historical Perspective is mentioned: [Pg.24]    [Pg.24]    [Pg.201]    [Pg.7]    [Pg.716]    [Pg.105]    [Pg.219]    [Pg.93]    [Pg.150]    [Pg.438]    [Pg.67]    [Pg.7]    [Pg.107]    [Pg.2]    [Pg.2]    [Pg.518]   


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Historical perspective

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