The Effect of Nano-Size

This section aims at demonstrating the importance and relevance of the surface chemistry developed on cathodes for Li-ion battery systems to their performance. The topics selected for discussion are the effect of nano-size, surface chemical aspects of lithiated transition metal oxide cathodes and a comparison with the surface chemistry of L1MPO4 olivine-type cathodes. 

Transition Metal Oxide Electrodes, and LiMPOa Olivine Cathodes Some Examples and Introductory Remarks 

Binding Energy / eV Binding Energy I eV Bindmg Energy / eV 

The first reaction involves a structural and compositional change in the active mass (near the surface), while the second reaction involves only the dehthiation (and Li2C03 formation). It should be noted that Li2C03 films formed on Li MOj, inhibit the kinetics of Li insertion and should be considered as a detrimental phenomenon. 

The nucleophilic oxygens of LLMOy compounds can attack the alkyl carbonates to form surface species containing ROCOaLiM or ROM groups, M=Li, and/or transition metal. 

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As can be inferred by the results obtained, the effect of nano-sized HRI coatings on LPGs is a drastic modification of their sensitivity characteristics, which ranges... 

Heterojunctions formed by electrodepositing polypyrrole or polyaniline on retype silicon were studied with PVS [756]. Experimental observations were explained invoking photosensitization by electrochemically generated polarons in the polymer film. The effects of nano-sized particles of Fe203 that were incorporated into films of polypyrrole were investigated with PVS [757]. 

Yoshitake, H. Abe, K. Kitakura, T. Gong, J. Lee, Y. Nakamura H. Yoshio, M., The effect of nano-sized SEI film formed by vinyl acetate additive for Li-ion batteries, Chem. Lett., 2003, 32, 134-135. 

A continuous cross-flow filtration process has been utilized to investigate the effectiveness in the separation of nano sized (3-5 nm) iron-based catalyst particles from simulated Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalyst/wax slurry in a pilot-scale slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR). A prototype stainless steel cross-flow filtration module (nominal pore opening of 0.1 pm) was used. A series of cross-flow filtration experiments were initiated to study the effect of mono-olefins and aliphatic alcohol on the filtration flux and membrane performance. 1-hexadecene and 1-dodecanol were doped into activated iron catalyst slurry (with Polywax 500 and 655 as simulated FT wax) to evaluate the effect of their presence on filtration performance. The 1-hexadecene concentrations were varied from 5 to 25 wt% and 1-dodecanol concentrations were varied from 6 to 17 wt% to simulate a range of FT reactor slurries reported in literature. The addition of 1-dodecanol was found to decrease the permeation rate, while the addition of 1-hexadecene was found to have an insignificant or no effect on the permeation rate. 

Recently, the synthesis of nano-sized HA has been proposed via reverse-micro-emulsion preparation, which is reported to be effective for controlling the hydrolysis and polycondensation of the alkoxides of the constituents. Using this preparation route, the nanoparticles crystallize directly to the desired phase at the relatively low temperature of 1050 °C and maintain surface areas higher than 100 m g after calcination at 1300 °C for 2h [107-109]. 

This chapter discusses the fundamental principles for designing nanoporous adsorbents and recent progress in new sorbent materials. For sorbent design, detail discussion is given on both fundamental interaction forces and the effects of pore size and geometry on adsorption. A summary discussion is made on recent progress on the following types of materials as sorbents activated carbon, activated alumina, silica gel, MCM-41, zeolites, n -complexation sorbents, carbon nano tubes, heteropoly compounds, and pillared clays. 2001 Academic Press. 

To complicate further our perceptions of nanoparticle toxicity, some recent evidence suggests that, on a mass basis, not all nanoparticle-types are more toxic than fine-sized particles of similar chemical composition. As mentioned previously, the limited numbers of studies that have been reported suggest that ultrafine Ti02 particles produced greater pulmonary inflammation when compared with fine-sized Ti02 particles. However, in contrast to the conclusions of the earlier findings, the results of recent preliminary studies comparing the effects of nano- versus... 

Another approach extensively apphed in recerrt years to improve the ion conductivity ((, lithiirm ion transference number (C), mechanical properties, and the electrode-electrolyte interfacial stability of a polymer electrolyte is the addition of inorganic or ceramic fillers into the polymer-salt complexes (Capiglia et al., 1999 Kim et al., 2003 Chen-Yang et al., 2008 Croce et al., 2001 Rahman et al., 2009 Shen et al., 2009 Zhang et al., 2011 Munichandratah et al., 1995 Wiec-zorek, 1992). Micro and nano-sized inorganic filler such as silicone oxide (SiO ), alumina (AI2O3), ceria (CeO ), and so on are incorporated into PEO-salt complex in an effort to improve the mechanical, thermal stabihty, and ion conductivity of PEO-based polymer electrolytes. The effect of nano-fillers on the thermal properties of the PEO-based polymer complex varies with the type of nano-particles as well as the polymer-salt complex host matrix. 

Papageorgiou I, Brown C, Schins R, Singh S, Newson R, Davis S, et al. The effect of nano- and micron-sized particles of cobalt-chromium alloy on human fibroblasts in vitro. Biomaterials 2007 28 2946-58. 

In spite of its superior characteristics, there is more concern about the environmental effects of higher dosages of ZnO. Different techniques have been taken into consideration for reducing ZnO levels. Among all the approaches, the use of nano-sized ZnO partieles with high surface area proves to be the... 

Sahoo et al. reported the effect of nano-ZnO (70 nm size) on the cure and mechanical properties of CB filled NR/NBR blends.1.0 phr of nano-ZnO in the CB filled compounds showed comparable properties as that containing 5.0 phr of micro-ZnO. But maximum torque was lower due to low degree of dispersion of ZnO in CB filled system. But Wang et al. used nano-ZnO mas-terbatch to improve the dispersion and consequently 1.0 phr of nano-ZnO in the CB filled SBR compounds produced equivalent maximum torque as that containing 5.0 phr of micro-ZnO. Elongation at break and tensile strength... 

Jayapalan, A.R., Lee, B.Y., Kurtis, K.E. (2009), Effect of Nano-sized Titanium Dioxide on Early Age Hydration of Portland Cement, Proceedings of the N1COM3, Nanotechnology in Construction. 

The comparison of mechanical properties of EPM vulca-nizates filled with micrometer and nanometer sized Fe304 shows the effect of fillers size and its influence on vulcani-zates tensile strength (Fig. 6). The results suggest, that the optimal content of micro sized Fe304 is 80 phr and 60 phr for nano sized Fe304. 

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