Incorporation into film

The extent to which excipients incorporated into film coating formulations may affect polymer adhesion is dependent on the particle size, concentration, and morphology of the insoluble agents in the coat-... 

Since plasticizers are typically incorporated into film coating formulations in significant concentrations, their inclusion commonly affects the permeability of polymer films and consequently drug release from coated substrates. Therefore, plasticizer selection for film coating applications mu.st be carefully considered as plasticizers substantially... 

A mould inhibitor in the form of sodium propionate was incorporated into films of cellulose acetate, the films were sandwiched between slices of bread and the sliced bread packed in LDPE bags and stored for 15 days at about 25C. The effect of the mould inhibitor on mould growth on the surface of the bread slices was investigated by means of microbiological analysis and water activity, moisture content and pH analyses. The presence of sodium propionate in the cellulose acetate films was found to have an inhibitoiy effect on microbial growth on the bread. 12 refs. 

The current study provides a new type of edible, antimicrobial food packaging or wrapping films from food-grade natural fibers or hydrocolloid. Besides film casting, the films can also be produced by compression, extrusion blown methods. The inclusion of PEO hydrocolloid in natural fiber formulations makes films tougher and caused less permanent deformation when the films were subjected to an external force. Since the extrusion and compression were performed in mild conditions, nisin can be incorporated into films without diminishing its antimicrobial activity. 

Heterojunctions formed by electrodepositing polypyrrole or polyaniline on retype silicon were studied with PVS [756]. Experimental observations were explained invoking photosensitization by electrochemically generated polarons in the polymer film. The effects of nano-sized particles of Fe203 that were incorporated into films of polypyrrole were investigated with PVS [757]. 

Formation of novel materials possible Contamination (increased porosity, pinholes, gas incorporation into film)... 

The diffusion coefficient of methylviologen (MV 3) incorporated into films of porous agarose impregnated with Nafion has been reported In Nafion the diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing MV concentration, while in Nafion/ agarose the opposite dependence is observed. 

The different kinds of molecules can be incorporated in an LB multilayer. The resultant LB film has the structure of a organic superlattice if each kind of molecule is positioned within different molecular layers. It is also possible to incorporate different kinds of molecule within the same layer by forming mixed monolayers at the air-water interface (Figure 14.4). In the case of mixed monolayers, poorly surface active or even non-surface active molecules can be incorporated into films with the aid of highly surface active molecules such as long-chain fatty acids. 

The subsequent improvement of the physical and chemical characteristics of these membranes, their incorporation into machines, and the development of procedures to prevent or clean surface-fouling films were the principal areas of significant advancement. By 1990, the industrial ultrafiltration market had grown to an estimated (90-100) x 10 . ... 

Adhesives. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is used as a component in a wide variety of general-purpose adhesives to bond ceUulosic materials, such as paper and paperboard, wood textiles, some metal foils, and porous ceramic surfaces, to each other. It is also an effective binder for pigments and other finely divided powders. Both fully and partially hydrolyzed grades are used. Sensitivity to water increases with decreasing degree of hydrolysis and the addition of plasticizer. Poly(vinyl alcohol) in many appHcations is employed as an additive to other polymer systems to improve the cohesive strength, film flexibiUty, moisture resistance, and other properties. It is incorporated into a wide variety of adhesives through its use as a protective coUoid in emulsion p olymerization. 

Separator s a physical barrier between the positive and negative electrodes incorporated into most cell designs to prevent electrical shorting. The separator can be a gelled electrolyte or a microporous plastic film or other porous inert material filled with electrolyte. Separators must be permeable to ions and inert in the battery environment. 

Electrochemical polymeriza tion of heterocycles is useful in the preparation of conducting composite materials. One technique employed involves the electro-polymerization of pyrrole into a swollen polymer previously deposited on the electrode surface (148—153). This method allows variation of the physical properties of the material by control of the amount of conducting polymer incorporated into the matrix film. If the matrix polymer is an ionomer such as Nation (154—158) it contributes the dopant ion for the oxidized conducting polymer and acts as an effective medium for ion transport during electrochemical switching of the material. 

Molecular films are of intense current concern in electronics. For instance, diacetylenes and other polymerisable monomer molecules have been incorporated into L-B films and then illuminated through a mask in such a way that the illuminated areas become polymerised, while the rest of the molecules can be dissolved away. This is one way of making a resistance for microcircuitry. L-B films have also found a major role in the making of gas-sensors (Section 11.3.3). 

This jacket is considered a special case of a helical coil if certain factors are incorporated into equations for calculating outside-film coefficients. In the equations at left and below, the equivalent heat transfer diameter D. for a rectangular cross-section IS equal to four times the width of the annular space, w and IS the mean or centerline diameter of the coil helix. Velocities are calculated from the actual cross-section of the flow area. pw. where p IS the pitch of the spiral baffle, and from the effective mass flowrate. W. through the passage. The leakage around spiral baffles is considerable, amounting to 35-50% of the total mass flowrate. The effective mass flowrate is about 60% of the total mass flowrate to the jacket W =... 

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