The Biochemical Signal

The CXCR3 chemokine receptor and its ligands may also prove to be important targets for therapeutic interventions. Because of its role in immune surveillance and T-cell function, CXCR3 is implicated as a mediator of acute allograft rejection (Hancock et al, 2000) and complications in 

and Murphy, P. M. (1996). CXC chemokines bind to unique sets of selectivity determinants that can function independently and are broadly distributed on multiple domains of human interleukin-8 receptor B. Determinants of high affinity binding and receptor activation are distinct. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 225-232. 

Alblas, J., Ulfman, L., Hordijk, P., and Koenderman, L. (2001). Activation of Rhoa and ROCK are essential for detachment of migrating leukocytes. Mol. Biol. Cell 12,2137-2145. 

Baggiolini, M., Dewald, B., and Moser, B. (1997). Human chemokines An update. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15, 675-705. 

Barlic, J., Khandaker, M. H., Mahon, E., Andrews, J., DeVries, M. E., Mitchell, G. B., Rahimpour, R., Tan, C. M., Ferguson, S. S., and Kelvin, D. J. (1999). Beta-arrestins regulate interleukin-8-induced CXCRI internalization. J. Biol Chem. 274, 16287-16294. 

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The experimental data presented show that sNPS can be used as transducers, which are stable for a long time after the construction of an immune biosensor. The specific immune complex formed on the sNPS surface may be registered by measuring its photoluminescence or photoconductivity. Such immune biosensors can be applied for control of T2 mycotoxin. The biosensors developed are sensitive and simple and allows for rapid analysis and analysis in field conditions. This approach may be applied for detection of any biochemical substances which can form an immune complex. Further investigations should be directed towards studying the mechanism of the biochemical signal detection by the sNPS and characterization of all the steps of analysis. 

Finally, growth factors and cytokines induced by radiation treatment can contribute in determining radioresistance. They can stimulate both survival and apoptotic pathways, depending on the integrity of the biochemical signals downstream of the proliferative activity of Myc. In those tumors, where growth factors and cytokines stimulate cell proliferation without activating cell death, we anticipate radioresistance. 

Currently there are several techniques that have been developed that selectively and effectively couple unique biochemical reactions to a physical signal transducer. This transducer converts the biochemical signal into an electrical signal that can be monitored and measured, thereby indicating a response. Those DNA sensors that have shown definite promise are discussed briefly below. 

A transducer converts the biochemical signal to an electronic signal. The biochemical transducer or biocomponent gives the biosensor selectivity or specificity. The transducer of an electrical device responds in such a way that a signal can be electronically amplified and displayed. The physical transducers vary from electrochemical, spectroscopic, thermal, piezoelectric and surface acoustic wave technology [24, 25]. The most common electrochemical transducers being utilised are based on amperometric and potentiometric techniques [26-28]. 

A transducer converts the biochemical signal to an electronic signal. The transducer of an electrical device responds in a way that a signal can be electronically amplified, stored and displayed. Biocomponents function... 

Efficient stem cell expansion is a key bottleneck for clinical application and commercialization of stem cell therapy. Membrane bioreactors may make a significant contribution due to its important features such as possibility for uniform chemical and biochemical conditions within the bioreactor, low or even zero hydrodynamic shears, large surface-to-volume ratios, and physical separation between two cell types but allowing biochemical signaling between them. For example, it may be possible to culture the feeder cells on one side of the membrane, while culturing human embryonic stem cells on the other. In this way human embryonic stem cells are not mixed with the feeder cells, which eliminates the need for later difficult separation, but get the biochemical signals from the feeder cells that are necessary to proliferate embryonic stem cells (e.g., Choo et al., 2006 Klimanskaya et al., 2005). 

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