Textile materials fibers

Rossbach, V., Patanathabutr, P., Wichitwechkam, J., 2003. Copying and manipulating nature innovation for textile materials. Fibers Polym. 4 (1), 8-14. 

Another way to classify high performance fibers and high technology textile materials or products is by types of appHcations. A scheme of 10 main categories has been adopted (Table 4) and is similar to several classification schemes previously reported (28). 

Advanced composites and fiber-reinforced materials are used in sailcloth, speedboat, and other types of boat components, and leisure and commercial fishing gear. A ram id and polyethylene fibers are currentiy used in conveyer belts to collect valuable offshore minerals such as cobalt, uranium, and manganese. Constmction of oil-adsorbing fences made of high performance fabrics is being evaluated in Japan as well as the constmction of other pollution control textile materials for maritime use. For most marine uses, the textile materials must be resistant to biodeterioration and to a variety of aqueous pollutants and environmental conditions. 

Grease Retention, Wrinkle Resistance, and Durable Press. On bending or creasing of a textile material, the external portion of each filament in the yam is placed under tension, and the internal portion is placed in compression. Thus, the wrinMe-recovery properties must be governed in part by the inherent, tensional elastic deformation and recovery properties of the fibers. In addition to the inherent fiber properties, the yam and fabric geometry must be considered. 

Cross-linked finishes are not permanent in the tme sense of the word however, under optimum conditions the finish can last for the usehil life of the material. Wet abrasion during laundering is probably the principal cause of gradual removal of the finish. In order to retain antistatic protection for extended use, an excess of finish is often appHed The extent of chemical interaction between the durable antistatic agents and the fiber substrates to which they are appHed is not perfectiy understood. Certain oxidizing agents such as hypochlorite bleaches tend to depolymerize and remove some durable antistatic finishes. Some of the durable finishes have also produced undesirable side effects on textile materials, ie, harsh hand, discoloration, and loss of tensile properties. 

Dyeing procedures vary according to the fiber content of the textile material and the equipment to be used. Examples of basic carrier dyeing procedures are as follows. 

The subject of fiber production from chitin and chitosan has been reviewed considering the interest in the exploitation of chitin as a textile material [246-251]. The production of fibers, however, is a challenging and difficult task. 

Nonwoven cards, 17 499-500 Nonwoven fabrics, See also Nonwoven materials Nonwovens Nonwoven textile materials global demand for, 17 483t spunbonded, 17 460—494 staple-fiber, 17 495-518 Nonwoven finishing processes,... 

Solid PET polymer is relatively hard and brittle. It must be formed into very fine fibers in order to exhibit a bending stiffness that is low enough for textile materials. Most commercial PET fibers are produced in a diameter range of about 10-50 pm, considerably smaller than a human hair. Within this range lie large differences in the softness, drape and feel of fabrics formed from the fibers, since the bending stiffness of a cylindrical fiber depends on the 4th power of its diameter. 

DuPont and Shell have developed a new polyester, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) (structure 19.38) that is structurally similar to PET, except that 1,3-propanediol (PDO) is used in place of ethylene glycol. The extra carbon in Sorona allows the fiber to be more easily colored giving a textile material that is softer with greater stretch. Further, it offers good wear and stain resistance for carpet use. The ready availability of the monomer PDO is a major consideration with efforts underway to create PDO from the fermentation of sugar through the use of biocatalysts for this conversion. Sorona and Lycra blends have already been successfully marketed. Sorona is also targeted for use as a resin and film. 

Designing FR textiles for required level of performance for specific end uses requires an understanding of the end-use conditions and specific flammability performance standards. Textiles in different applications are used either as a single component (e.g., apparel, curtains, bedsheets, etc.) or a component of the composite structure (e.g., furniture). In the latter, components other than textile material and their lay-up will also influence the burning behavior of the whole structure. This section discusses different fiber and fabric types used for different applications, associated fire hazards, and most relevant flammability performance standards. In Section 24.2, testing standards were discussed, which are used for testing materials to comply with performance standards discussed briefly in this section and in detail elsewhere.11... 

This work has demonstrated that we have been successful in extruding fibers from these polymer nanocomposites, knit them into textiles, and test their flammability. These prototype nanocomposite FR fiber-forming polymers and textile materials based upon them could be taken forward by interested parties for scale-up and commercial development. 

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