Textile industry wastes

The textile industry involves the manufacture of fabrics from wool, cotton, and synthetic fibers the synthesis or spinning of synthetic fibers is not included in this group, but rather is included under synthetic organic chemicals. Of the three major textiles, wool represents the smallest market and synthetic textiles the largest. 

The dyeing process uses dyes, dyeing assistants, (e.g. acetic acid, ammonium sulfate), and dye carriers containing heavy metals. The dye carriers will be present only if the wool is being combined with a synthetic fabric, which reqmres a dye carrier to facilitate dye penetration. Various chemicals (e.g. sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and olive ( ) may be added before and during the fulling operation. These chemicals 

During scouring cotton wax and other non-cellulosic components of cotton are removed by using hot alkaline solutions. Synthetic materials require only light scouring because of the absence of chemical impurities. 

Both cotton and synthetic fabrics are treated with special finishes, using formaldehyde and urea, and with fire retardants, such as triaziridyl phosphine oxide. 

The following industrial practices can significantly affect the wastewater characteristics  

---

Pinheiro HM, Touraud E, Thomas O (2004) Aromatic amines from azo dye reduction status review with emphasis on direct UV spectrophotometric detection in textile industry waste-waters. Dyes Pigm 61 121-139... 

Long fibre cotton 20-50 mm in length and 0.01-0.04 mm dia., which is the raw material for the textile industry. Waste from this cotton is utilized in the production of certain sorts of high viscosity nitrocellulose, e.g. dynamite nitrocotton. 

Large amounts of nitrosamines leak into the environment from the pharmaceutical and food industries, plastics industry, textile industry, waste transport (motor vehicles), industrial effluents (dyes, lubricants, mbber), and the production of solvents. Fuel manufacturing plants and oil refineries are also important emitters of nitrosamines, as well as landfills and fossil fuel combustion processes (to produce heat and power). These compounds naturally penetrate the environment through animal droppings. 

Chitin, a poly(saccharide) closely related to cellulose and shown in Figure 4, is being studied by many research groups for a wide variety of biomedical, agricultural and cosmetic applications. Chitin is found mainly in insect and crustacean shells. Most current research centers on the deacetylated chitin, which is called chitosan. Figure 5. Chitosan is now finding some new uses in the textile industry, waste water treatment and medicine.While neither material is likely to be made synthetically on a commercial scale, both polymers are derived from formerly useless... 

Monochlorobenzene 0.1-5.6 River water receiving textile industry waste (USA)... 

In 1980, approximately 111,000 t of synthetic organic dyestuffs were produced in the United States alone. In addition, another 13,000 t were imported. The largest consumer of these dyes is the textile industry accounting for two-thirds of the market (246). Recent estimates indicate 12% of the synthetic textile dyes used yearly are lost to waste streams during dyestuff manufacturing and textile processing operations. Approximately 20% of these losses enter the environment through effluents from wastewater treatment plants (3). 

Wastes from wood processing and the production of paper, cardboard, pulp, panels and furniture Wastes from the leather and textile industries... 

The organic chemical industry, the food processing industry, the pulp and paper industry, the textile industry, and the petroleum industry are important industries that produce organic process wastes. Unlike inorganic process wastes, they contain dissolved and insoluble matter in the main wastewater stream thus, they are more difficult to handle for disposal. They have its characteristic biological problems and spontaneous interaction with the surrounding environment, particularly, under high solar radiation. 

Waste disposal site of textile industry Red BLl/Reactive Red-2, yeast extract, beef extract Pseudomonas sp. SUK1 [82, 138]... 

Azmi W, Banerjee UC (2002) Biological stabilization of textile and dye stuff industrial waste. Indian Chem Eng Sec A 44 230-234... 

Many older ESPs are of the wire-pipe design, consisting of a single tube placed on top of a smokestack. Dry pipe-type ESPs are occasionally used by the textile industry, pulp and paper facilities, the metallurgical industry, coke ovens, hazardous waste incinerators, and sulfuric acid manufacturing plants, among others, though other ESP types are employed as well. 

ISO 105-X10 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part XIO Assessment of migration of textile colours into polyvinyl chloride coatings ISO 264 1976 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fittings with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Laying lengths - Metric series ISO 265-1 1988 Pipes and fittings of plastics materials - Fittings for domestic and industrial waste pipes - Basic dimensions Metric series - Part 1 Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)... 

In the past twenty years many legal provisions have been created to regulate substance flows (recycling management systems, waste management, electrical and automotive recycling). In many instances these laws exphcitly contain threshold values for certain substances or even ban certain substances. They are thus very effective on the use of these substances in production processes. This is also tme for threshold values of chlorinated compounds in industrial waste, the ban on certain heavy metals in the automotive industry and substance-related requirements for waste water from the textile industry (Annexe 38 of Waste Water Ordinance ). 

Another different area of application where there is a need to characterise low-level impurities occurs in environmental studies. A recent study has used HPLC-NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-MS in the MS mode to identify organic components in the industrial waste-water effluent of a textile company. Generally in the past, GC-MS and HPLC-MS have been used for such analyses where the identity of many of the pollutants are not known beforehand. However, it has recently been shown that HPLC-NMR can provide useful information and if this is used with complementary information from HPLC-MS then this is the most efficient approach. 

Effluents, released from textile companies, may contain dyes and auxiliaries used in the textile industry. The dyes themselves often form complex mixtures that contain considerable quantities of manufacturing precursors and by-products. However, for non-target analysis not only the large variety of compounds but also the large differences in the volatility, solubility and polarity of individual components pose problems. Most of the dyes are nonvolatile or thermally unstable. Thus, in recent years predominantly LC-MS techniques have been used for the analysis of dyes [10]. However, the combined use of LC-NMR and LC-MS offers extended possibilities which are illustrated by the analysis of an untreated waste water sample from a textile company [11],... 

Sulfonated azo dyes (reactive dyes) are widely used in the textile industry. Due to the simultaneous hydrolysis in the dyeing process, 15-60 % of the reactive dyes reach the waste water system. In addition, their use strongly increases with the colouring of natural fibres, and so a total of 60 % of all dyes emitted to the waste water are reactive materials. 

---