During manufacture dyestuff

Twenty-four horns after several barrels of the dyestuff were bulked, blended and repacked, spontaneous heating occurred. This was attributed to aerobic oxidation of excess sodium polysulfide used during manufacture. 

Occupational exposure to 1,3-DNB and 1,3,5-TNB can occur when workers handle the compounds in explosives plants and other industries, such as dyestuffs, plastics, and rubber, that use these compounds during manufacturing processes. The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES), conducted by NIOSH from 1981 to 1983, estimated that 2,489 workers were exposed to 1,3-DNB in 41 businesses and health services (NOES 1991). The workers included in this survey were chemists (except biochemists), geologists, clinical laboratory technologists and technicians, and health aides (except nursing). 

In 1980, approximately 111,000 t of synthetic organic dyestuffs were produced in the United States alone. In addition, another 13,000 t were imported. The largest consumer of these dyes is the textile industry accounting for two-thirds of the market (246). Recent estimates indicate 12% of the synthetic textile dyes used yearly are lost to waste streams during dyestuff manufacturing and textile processing operations. Approximately 20% of these losses enter the environment through effluents from wastewater treatment plants (3). 

In addition to being the most widely used disinfectant for water treatment, chlorine is extensively used in a variety of products, including paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, and other consumer products. Most chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. It is also used in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride and in the extraction of bromine. Among other past uses, chlorine served as a war gas during World War I. 

Since workers can be exposed to these compounds during their manufacture and use, it is important to have reliable analytical methods for determining the degree of exposure through body fluid analysis. Additionally, since these compounds can be present at significant levels in commercial products (derived from them) it is desirable to monitor their level in such products (e.g. dyestuffs) as well. Furthermore, many of the commercial products can be metabolized to the original chemical (e.g. benzidine based dyes can be metabolized to benzidine) making it desirable to monitor the body fluids of workers exposed to the commercial products. 

Recent estimates indicate 29t of the synthetic textile dyes used yearly are lost to waste streams during dyestuff manufacturing and textile processing operations. Approximately 20% of these losses enter the environment through effluents from wastewater treatment plants. 

In the early 1950s, the country had a moderately developed fermentation industry with an annual production of alcohol of about 10 million gal (compared with 88 million gal in 1977). Nearly 50% of this was used for fuel. The production of glycerine at this time from soap manufacturing was nearly 5000 tons. A little methanol was produced by wood distillation at Bhadravati, Mysore, while CaQ was nonexistent. During that period, important chemicals such as phenol, phthalic anhydride, urea, acetic acid, and organic and various solvents required by the dyestuff, pharmaceuti-... 

During the 1860s, the manufacture of intermediates based on aniline and its congeners laid the foundations of the synthetic dyestuffs industry. These intermediates were used mainly in the production of triphenylmethane and azo dyes. At the end of the 20th century, the two most important dye classes were azo and anthraquinone vat dyes, though triphenylmethane (more correctly triarylmethane) dyes were, and remain, significant contributors to the overall output. Competition from fiber-reactive dyes has reduced demand for vat dyes. 

During the manufacture of a dyestuffs component, a nitrile was being added slowly to a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids in a 2.3 m reactor fitted... 

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